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Chemical industries are based on catalytic processes as both bulk and fine chemicals are often produced with heterogeneous catalysts. Transition metal ions dispersed on high-surface area inorganic solids are very important catalysts and a full characterization of these materials requires a profound knowledge of the oxidation state, coordination environment and dispersion of the metal ions on the catalyst surface. Such information can only be obtained by using a combination of complementary spectroscopic techniques. 'Spectroscopy of Transition metal ions on Surfaces' serves as an introduction to some of the most important spectroscopic techniques nowadays used for studying the chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal ions on surfaces. The basic principles and the strengths and weaknesses of continuous wave electron spin resonance, pulsed electron spin resonance, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are critically reviewed by internationally recognized experts. This gives the reader a solid background for judging literature results and for planning and conducting his/her own experiments. Each chapter closes with several relevant examples mainly from the recent literature. In addition, the use of in situ techniques and chemometrical techniques has been included because of its growing importance in catalyst characterization. As a consequence, the book has been written as a text not only for graduate students, but also for anyone else who is new in the field and wants a recent update. The following scientists have contributed to this textbook: Br.
This book focuses mainly on the spectroscopy of laser materials, physics of laser materials, laser crystals and laser glasses. The spectroscopic and laser properties of rare earth and transition metal ion-doped solid state materials are systematically described based on modern quantum optics. The aim of this book is to relate the laser and spectroscopic properties to the structure and chemical composition of materials. It emphasises the nonlinear optical effects in laser materials, which are widely used in high power laser systems. The development of advanced solid state laser devices depends greatly on new laser materials. Much progress has been made recently in the development of new laser materials, and this is summarized in the book.
The second edition of this classic book provides an updated look at crystal field theory and its applications.
This volume contains review articles which were written by the invited speak ers of the Sixth International Summer Institute in Surface Science (ISISS), held at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in August 1983. The objective of ISISS is to bring together a group of internationally recognized experts on various aspects of surface science to present tutorial review lectures over a period of one week. Each speaker is asked, in addi tion, to write a review paper on his lecture topic. The collected articles from previous Institutes have been published under the following titles: Surface Science: Recent Progress and Perspectives, Crit. Rev. Solid State Sci. 4, 124-559 (1974). Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces, Vol. I (1976), Vol. II (1979), Vol. III (1982) (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL), and Vol. IV (1982), Springer Ser. Chern. Phys. , Vol. 20 (Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1982) No single collection of reviews (or one-week conference for that matter) can possibly cover the entire field of modern surface science, from heter ogeneous catalysis through semiconductor surface physics to metallurgy. It is intended, however, that the series Chemistry and Physics ofSolid Sur faces as a whole should provide experts and students alike with a comprehen ve set of reviews and literature references on as many aspects of the subject as possible, particular emphasis being placed on the gas-solid interface. Each volume is introduced with a historical review of the devel opment of one aspect of surface science by a distinguished participant in that development.
In the field of heterogeneous catalysis. it is convenient to distinguish. in a perfectly unjustified and over··simplified way. bet:leen metal catalysts. 2nd the other catalysts. The fj.J"st are easy to define : they are those in which a reduced metal is the active phase. It is thus easy to circumscribe. by exclusion, the other class namely the "non-metals". We have adopted this definition for the sake of our colleagues working on catalysis by metals, and to avoid a lengthy title like "sm' face pl"operties and catalysts by transi tion metal oxides. sulftdes, carbides, nitriles, etc. Defined in this manner, non-metal catalysts represented, in 1980, 84 wt. % of the industrial heterogeneous catalysts. To be more specific, this proportion corresponds to catalysts which, under the working conditions in the industrial ?lant. contain their catalytically active metallic elements in a non-reduced state. It should however be recalled that most metal catalysts are supported on oxides, which, often, repl'esent over 90% (sometimes 99.4% in the case of the platinum reforming catalysts) of the total weight.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Principles, Experiments, and Applications is a comprehensive, up to date, and balanced treatment of the theoretical and practical aspects of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), a useful branch of spectroscopy for several areas of science. This book describes the basic principles of SERS, including SERS mechanisms, performing SERS measurements, and interpreting data. Also emphasized are applications in electrochemistry; catalysis; surface processing and corrosion; Self-Assemble-Layer and L-B Films; polymer science; biology; medicine and drug analysis; sensors; fuel cells; forensics; and archaeology. It is an essential guide for student and professional analytical chemists.
Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume II is a collection of research studies on some of the spectroscopic methods and areas of inorganic chemistry in which spectroscopy has been used effectively. This book is divided into seven chapters that present the status reports and potentialities in the fields of study. Each chapter outlines the theoretical and experimental aspects, as well as the application to a specific field of the analytical method. The first three chapters deal with the molecular structure determination by neutron and X-ray diffraction, high-pressure vibrational spectroscopy, and electronic Raman transitions of rare earth ions. Other chapters explore the potential of electron spin resonance spectroscopy for inorganic radical and radical ion determination, as well as the application of electron spin resonance for coordination compound analysis. The remaining chapters examine the use of electronic spectroscopy for organometalloid study and the fluorescence and laser action in rare earth chelates. This book is intended primarily for analytical and inorganic chemists and spectroscopists who are interested in inorganic systems.
Current oxide nanomaterials knowledge to draw from and build on Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials summarizes the existing knowledge in oxide-based materials research. It gives researchers one comprehensive resource that consolidates general theoretical knowledge alongside practical applications. Organized by topic for easy access, this reference: * Covers the fundamental science, synthesis, characterization, physicochemical properties, and applications of oxide nanomaterials * Explains the fundamental aspects (quantum-mechanical and thermodynamic) that determine the behavior and growth mode of nanostructured oxides * Examines synthetic procedures using top-down and bottom-up fabrication technologies involving liquid-solid or gas-solid transformations * Discusses the sophisticated experimental techniques and state-of-the-art theory used to characterize the structural and electronic properties of nanostructured oxides * Describes applications such as sorbents, sensors, ceramic materials, electrochemical and photochemical devices, and catalysts for reducing environmental pollution, transforming hydrocarbons, and producing hydrogen With its combination of theory and real-world applications plus extensive bibliographic references, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials consolidates a wealth of current, complex information in one volume for practicing chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, and for engineers and researchers in government, industry, and academia. It's also an outstanding reference for graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, and materials science.
Auger electron spectroscopy is rapidly developing into the single most powerful analytical technique in basic and applied science.for investigating the chemical and structural properties of solids. Its ex plosive growth beginning in 1967 was triggered by the development of Auger analyzers capable of de tecting one atom layer of material in a fraction of a second. Continued growth was guaranteed firstly by the commercial availability of apparatus which combined the capabilities of scanning electron mi croscopy and ion-mill depth profiling with Auger analysis, and secondly by the increasing need to know the atomistics of many processes in fundamental research and engineering applications. The expanding use of Auger analysis was accompanied by an increase in the number of publications dealing with it. Because of the developing nature of Auger spectroscopy, the articles have appeared in many different sources covering diverse disciplines, so that it is extremely difficult to discover just what has or has not been subjected to Auger analysis. In this situation, a comprehensive bibliography is obviou-sly useful to those both inside and outside the field. For those in the field, this bibliography should be a wonderful time saver for locating certain references, in researching a particular topic, or when considering various aspects of instrumentation or data analysis. This bibliography not only provides the most complete listing of references pertinent to surface Auger analysis available today, but it is also a basis for extrapolating from past trends to future expectations.
This third edition of the Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Three Volume Set provides authoritative and comprehensive coverage of all aspects of spectroscopy and closely related subjects that use the same fundamental principles, including mass spectrometry, imaging techniques and applications. It includes the history, theoretical background, details of instrumentation and technology, and current applications of the key areas of spectroscopy. The new edition will include over 80 new articles across the field. These will complement those from the previous edition, which have been brought up-to-date to reflect the latest trends in the field. Coverage in the third edition includes: Atomic spectroscopy Electronic spectroscopy Fundamentals in spectroscopy High-Energy spectroscopy Magnetic resonance Mass spectrometry Spatially-resolved spectroscopic analysis Vibrational, rotational and Raman spectroscopies The new edition is aimed at professional scientists seeking to familiarize themselves with particular topics quickly and easily. This major reference work continues to be clear and accessible and focus on the fundamental principles, techniques and applications of spectroscopy and spectrometry. Incorporates more than 150 color figures, 5,000 references, and 300 articles for a thorough examination of the field Highlights new research and promotes innovation in applied areas ranging from food science and forensics to biomedicine and health Presents a one-stop resource for quick access to answers and an in-depth examination of topics in the spectroscopy and spectrometry arenas