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Microwave imaging techniques allow for the development of systems that are able to inspect, identify, and characterize in a noninvasive fashion under different scenarios, ranging from biomedical to subsurface diagnostics as well as from surveillance and security applications to nondestructive evaluation. Such great opportunities, though, are actually severely limited by difficulties arising from the solution of the underlying inverse scattering problem. As a result, ongoing research efforts in this area are devoted to developing inversion strategies and experimental apparatus so that they are as reliable and accurate as possible with respect to reconstruction capabilities and resolution performance, respectively. The intent of this Special Issue is to present the experiences of leading scientists in the electromagnetic inverse scattering community, as well as to serve as an assessment tool for people who are new to the area of microwave imaging and electromagnetic inverse scattering problems.
An introduction to the most relevant theoretical and algorithmic aspects of modern microwave imaging approaches Microwave imaging—a technique used in sensing a given scene by means of interrogating microwaves—has recently proven its usefulness in providing excellent diagnostic capabilities in several areas, including civil and industrial engineering, nondestructive testing and evaluation, geophysical prospecting, and biomedical engineering. Microwave Imaging offers comprehensive descriptions of the most important techniques so far proposed for short-range microwave imaging—including reconstruction procedures and imaging systems and apparatus—enabling the reader to use microwaves for diagnostic purposes in a wide range of applications. This hands-on resource features: A review of the electromagnetic inverse scattering problem formulation, written from an engineering perspective and with notations The most effective reconstruction techniques based on diffracted waves, including time- and frequency-domain methods, as well as deterministic and stochastic space-domain procedures Currently proposed imaging apparatus, aimed at fast and accurate measurements of the scattered field data Insight on near field probes, microwave axial tomographs, and microwave cameras and scanners A discussion of practical applications with detailed descriptions and discussions of several specific examples (e.g., materials evaluation, crack detection, inspection of civil and industrial structures, subsurface detection, and medical applications) A look at emerging techniques and future trends Microwave Imaging is a practical resource for engineers, scientists, researchers, and professors in the fields of civil and industrial engineering, nondestructive testing and evaluation, geophysical prospecting, and biomedical engineering.
A comprehensive and updated overview of the theory, algorithms and applications of for electromagnetic inverse scattering problems Offers the recent and most important advances in inverse scattering grounded in fundamental theory, algorithms and practical engineering applications Covers the latest, most relevant inverse scattering techniques like signal subspace methods, time reversal, linear sampling, qualitative methods, compressive sensing, and noniterative methods Emphasizes theory, mathematical derivation and physical insights of various inverse scattering problems Written by a leading expert in the field
Differential evolution is arguably one of the hottest topics in today's computational intelligence research. This book seeks to present a comprehensive study of the state of the art in this technology and also directions for future research. The fourteen chapters of this book have been written by leading experts in the area. The first seven chapters focus on algorithm design, while the last seven describe real-world applications. Chapter 1 introduces the basic differential evolution (DE) algorithm and presents a broad overview of the field. Chapter 2 presents a new, rotationally invariant DE algorithm. The role of self-adaptive control parameters in DE is investigated in Chapter 3. Chapters 4 and 5 address constrained optimization; the former develops suitable stopping conditions for the DE run, and the latter presents an improved DE algorithm for problems with very small feasible regions. A novel DE algorithm, based on the concept of "opposite" points, is the topic of Chapter 6. Chapter 7 provides a survey of multi-objective differential evolution algorithms. A review of the major application areas of differential evolution is presented in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 discusses the application of differential evolution in two important areas of applied electromagnetics. Chapters 10 and 11 focus on applications of hybrid DE algorithms to problems in power system optimization. Chapter 12 applies the DE algorithm to computer chess. The use of DE to solve a problem in bioprocess engineering is discussed in Chapter 13. Chapter 14 describes the application of hybrid differential evolution to a problem in control engineering.
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the use of polarization effects for radar and electromagnetic imaging problems (References 1, 2, and 3). The problem of electro magnetic imaging can be divided into the following areas: (1) Propagation of the Stokes' vector from the transmitter to the target region through various atmospheric conditions (rain, dust, fog, clouds, turbulence, etc.). (2) Scattering of the Stokes' vector from the object. (3) Scattering of the Stokes' vector from the rough surface, terrain, and the volume scattering. (4) Propagation of the Stokes' vector from the target region to the receiver. (5) The characteristics of the receiver relating the Stokes' vector to the output. The propagation characteristics of the Stokes' vector through various media can be described by the equation of transfer. Even though the scalar equation of transfer has been studied extensively in the past, the vector equation of transfer has not received as much attention. In recent years, however, a need for further study of the vector radiative transfer theory has become increasingly evident and several important studies have been reported. This paper presents a general formulation of the vector theory of radiative transfer under general anisotropic scattering conditions. Some useful solutions are also presented 4 8 for several practical situations. - 2. GENERAL FORMULATION OF VECTOR RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY Let us consider the plane-parallel problem Shovlll in Figure 1.
When, in the spring of 1979, H.P. Baltes presented me with the precursor of this vo 1 ume, the book on "Inverse Source Problems in Opti cs", I expressed my gratitude in a short note, 11hich in translation, reads: "Dear Dr. Ba ltes, the mere titl e of your unexpected gift evokes memori es of a period, which, in the terminology of your own contribution, would be described as the Stone Age of the Inverse Problem. Those were pleasant times. Walter Kohn and I lived in a cave by ourselves, drew pictures on the walls, and nobody seemed to care. Now, however, Inversion has become an Industry, which I contemplate with as much bewilderment as a surviving Tasmanian aborigine gazing at a modern oil refinery with its towers, its fl ares, and the confus i ng maze of its tubes." The present volume makes me feel even more aboriginal - impossible for me to fathom its content. What I can point out, however, is one of the forgotten origins of the Inverse Scattering Problem of Quantum Mechanics: Werner Heisenberg's "S-Matrix Theory" of 1943. This grandiose scheme had the purpose of eliminating the notion of the Hamiltonian in favour of the scattering operator. If Successful, it would have done away once and for all with any kind of inverse problem.
Microwave Imaging Methods and Applications provides practitioners and researchers with a complete overview of the latest and most important noninvasive and nondestructive techniques for inspecting structures and bodies by using microwaves. Placing emphasis on applications, the book considers many areas, from medical imaging and security… to industrial engineering and subsurface prospection. For each application, readers are presented with the objectives of the inspection and related challenges. Moreover, this groundbreaking resource details computational methods that can be used to solve inverse problems related to specific applications. Including clear examples or the most significant practical results, this forward-looking reference focuses on systems that have been recently developed. Professionals gain the knowledge needed to compare imaging methods used in different applications and develop new uses of imaging apparatuses and systems.
14 contributions present mathematical models for different imaging techniques in medicine and nondestructive testing. The underlying mathematical models are presented in a way that also newcomers in the field have a chance to understand the relation between the special applications and the mathematics needed for successfully treating these problems. The reader gets an insight into a modern field of scientific computing with applications formerly not presented in such form, leading from the basics to actual research activities.
A description of the state of the art in electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. Topics covered range from magnetostatic to eddy current and microwave NDE methods. Advances in materials characterization, forward/simulation models, sensor design and inverse methodologies are discussed. The book also includes contributions on benchmark problems and solutions.