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Scientific research on functionally graded materials (FGM's) looks at functions of gradients in materials comprising thermodynamic, mechanical, chemical, optical, electromagnetic, and/or biological aspects. This collection of technical papers represents current research interests with regard to the fracture behaviour of FGM's. The papers provide a balance between theoretical, computational, and experimental techniques. It also indicates areas for increased development, such as constraint effects, full experimental characterization of engineering FGM's under static and dynamic loading, development of fracture criteria with predictive capability, multiphysics and multiscale failure considerations, and connection of research with industrial applications.
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are special composites consisting of two constituent phases whose composition change continuously along one direction. The gradual transition in material properties alleviates thermal mismatch problems experienced by cladded and coated components. The microstructure of FGM is usually heterogenous and the dominant failure mode of FGM is the crack initiation and propagation from the inclusions. The interface crack problem is studied by examining the asymptotic behavior of stress and displacement fields around the crack in FGM, and by comparing the results with known solutions for bimaterial systems. The focus is on characterizing the influence of material nonhomogeneity on the fracture parameters, and determining the fracture strength of FGM under quasi-static and dynamic loading.
Functionally graded materials are generally two-phase composites with continuously varying volume fractions. Used as coatings and interfacial zones, they help to reduce mechanically and thermally induced stresses caused by the material property mismatch and to improve the bonding strength. In this project some basic problems concerning fracture mechanics of graded materials are identified, general analytical methods for solving the related crack problems are developed, the singular behavior of the solutions for typical material nonhomogeneities is examined, and solutions of some benchmark problems are obtained. The results are intended to provide technical support for material scientists and engineers who are trying to develop methods for processing these materials and for design engineers who are interested in using them in technological applications. Typical applications of functionally graded materials include thermal barrier coatings of high temperature components in gas turbines, surface hardening for tribological protection, and as interlayers in microelectronic and optoelectronic components. The results found show that by eliminating the discontinuities in material property distributions the mathematical anomalies regarding the crack tip stress oscillations for the interface cracks and the nonsquare root singularities for cracks intersecting the interfaces are also eliminated. From the viewpoint of fracture mechanics the importance of this result lies in the fact that in analyzing the components involving functionally graded materials one can use the existing crack tip finite element modeling developed for ordinary square root singularities and apply the energy balance based theories of conventional fracture mechanics.
The book deals with novel aspects and perspectives in functionally graded materials (FGMs), which are advanced engineering materials designed for a specific performance or function with spatial gradation in structure and/or composition. The contributions mainly focus on numerical simulations of mechanical properties and the behavior of FGMs and FGM structures. Several advancements in numerical simulations that are particularly useful for investigations on FGMs have been proposed and demonstrated in this Special Issue. Such proposed approaches provide incisive methods to explore and predict the mechanical and structural characteristics of FGMs subjected to thermoelectromechanical loadings under various boundary and environmental conditions. The contributions have resulted in enhanced activity regarding the prediction of FGM properties and global structural responses, which are of great importance when considering the potential applications of FGM structures. Furthermore, the presented scientific scope is, in some way, an answer to the continuous demand for FGM structures, and opens new perspectives for their practical use.
Mechanical responses of solid materials are governed by their material properties. The solutions for estimating and predicting the mechanical responses are extremely difficult, in particular for non-homogeneous materials. Among these, there is a special type of materials whose properties are variable only along one direction, defined as graded materials or functionally graded materials (FGMs). Examples are plant stems and bones. Artificial graded materials are widely used in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, biological engineering, and electronic engineering. This work covers and develops boundary element methods (BEM) to investigate the properties of realistic graded materials. It is a must have for practitioners and researchers in materials science, both academic and in industry. Covers analysis of properties of graded materials. Presents solutions based methods for analysis of fracture mechanics. Presents two types of boundary element methods for layered isotropic materials and transversely isotropic materials. Written by two authors with extensive international experience in academic and private research and engineering.
Mechanical responses of solid materials are governed by their material properties. The solutions for estimating and predicting the mechanical responses are extremely difficult, in particular for non-homogeneous materials. Among these, there is a special type of materials whose properties are variable only along one direction, defined as graded materials or functionally graded materials (FGMs). Examples are plant stems and bones. Artificial graded materials are widely used in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, biological engineering, and electronic engineering. This work covers and develops boundary element methods (BEM) to investigate the properties of realistic graded materials. It is a must have for practitioners and researchers in materials science, both academic and in industry. Covers analysis of properties of graded materials. Presents solutions based methods for analysis of fracture mechanics. Presents two types of boundary element methods for layered isotropic materials and transversely isotropic materials. Written by two authors with extensive international experience in academic and private research and engineering.
The steady increase in computational power induces an equally steady increase in the complexity of the engineering models and associated computer codes. This particularly affects the modeling of the mechanical response of materials. Material behavior is nowadays modeled in the strongly nonlinear range by tak ing into account finite strains, complex hysteresis effects, fracture phenomena and multiscale features. Progress in this field is of fundamental importance for many engineering disciplines, especially those concerned with material testing, safety, reliability and serviceability analyses of engineering structures. In recent years many important achievements have been made in the field of the theoretical formulation, the mathematical analysis and the numerical im plementation of deformation processes in solids. Computational methods and simulation techniques today play a central role in advancing the understanding of complex material behavior. Research in the field of "ComputationalMechan ics of Materials" is concerned with the development of mathematical models and numerical solution techniques for the simulation of material response. It is a very broad interdisciplinary field of science with inputs from traditional fields such as Applied Mechanics, Applied Mathematics, Materials Science, Solid State Physics and Information Technology. The intention of the IUTAM Symposium "Computational Mechanics of Solid Materials at Large Strains", held at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, from August 20-24, 200I, was to give a state of the art and a survey about recent developments in this field and to create perspectives for future research trends.
Functionally graded materials (FGMs)are composites with gradually varying material content. This book presents current research in the study of FGMs, including the fracture and contact problems of functionally graded materials; FGMs obtained by combustion synthesis techniques; thermoplastic simulation of FGMs; the thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded arbitrary straight-sided quadrilateral plates; the mechanical response of metal-ceramic FGMs and simulation of quasi-static crack propagation in FGMs.