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In this book the authors introduce the new notions of subset polynomial semirings and subset matrix semirings. Solving subset polynomial equations is an interesting exercise. Open problems about the solution set of subset polynomials are proposed.
Neutrosophic Analysis is a generalization of Set Analysis, which in its turn is a generalization of Interval Analysis. Neutrosophic Precalculus is referred to indeterminate staticity, while Neutrosophic Calculus is the mathematics of indeterminate change. The Neutrosophic Precalculus and Neutrosophic Calculus can be developed in many ways, depending on the types of indeterminacy one has and on the methods used to deal with such indeterminacy. In this book, the author presents a few examples of indeterminacies and several methods to deal with these specific indeterminacies, but many other indeterminacies there exist in our everyday life, and they have to be studied and resolved using similar of different methods. Therefore, more research should to be done in the field of neutrosophics. The author introduces for the first time the notions of neutrosophic mereo-limit, neutrosophic mereo-continuity (in a different way from the classical semi-continuity), neutrosophic mereo-derivative and neutrosophic mereo-integral (both in different ways from the fractional calculus), besides the classical definitions of limit, continuity, derivative, and integral respectively. Future research may be done in the neutrosophic fractional calculus. It means that in neutrosophic calculus there are limits, continuity, derivatives, and integrals that are not complete, i.e. there are neutrosophic functions that at a given point may have a degree of a limit (not 100%) called mereo-limit, or may be continuous in a certain degree (not 100%) called mereo-continuity, or may be differentiable or integrable in a certain degree (not 100%) called mereo-derivatives and respectively mereo-integrals. These occur because of indeterminacies...
The third edition of this definitive and popular book continues to pursue the question: what is the most efficient way to pack a large number of equal spheres in n-dimensional Euclidean space? The authors also examine such related issues as the kissing number problem, the covering problem, the quantizing problem, and the classification of lattices and quadratic forms. There is also a description of the applications of these questions to other areas of mathematics and science such as number theory, coding theory, group theory, analogue-to-digital conversion and data compression, n-dimensional crystallography, dual theory and superstring theory in physics. New and of special interest is a report on some recent developments in the field, and an updated and enlarged supplementary bibliography with over 800 items.
This monograph identifies polytopes that are ?combinatorially ?1-embeddable?, within interesting lists of polytopal graphs, i.e. such that corresponding polytopes are either prominent mathematically (regular partitions, root lattices, uniform polytopes and so on), or applicable in chemistry (fullerenes, polycycles, etc.). The embeddability, if any, provides applications to chemical graphs and, in the first case, it gives new combinatorial perspective to ??2-prominent? affine polytopal objects.The lists of polytopal graphs in the book come from broad areas of geometry, crystallography and graph theory. The book concentrates on such concise and, as much as possible, independent definitions. The scale-isometric embeddability ? the main unifying question, to which those lists are subjected ? is presented with the minimum of technicalities.
"Grätzer’s 'General Lattice Theory' has become the lattice theorist’s bible. Now we have the second edition, in which the old testament is augmented by a new testament. The new testament gospel is provided by leading and acknowledged experts in their fields. This is an excellent and engaging second edition that will long remain a standard reference." --MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS
The purpose of coding theory is the design of efficient systems for the transmission of information. The mathematical treatment leads to certain finite structures: the error-correcting codes. Surprisingly problems which are interesting for the design of codes turn out to be closely related to problems studied partly earlier and independently in pure mathematics. In this book, examples of such connections are presented. The relation between lattices studied in number theory and geometry and error-correcting codes is discussed. The book provides at the same time an introduction to the theory of integral lattices and modular forms and to coding theory. In the 3rd edition, again numerous corrections and improvements have been made and the text has been updated. Content Lattices and Codes -Theta Functions and Weight Enumerators - Even Unimodular Lattices - The Leech Lattice - Lattices over Integers of Number Fields and Self-Dual Codes. Readership Graduate Students in Mathematics and Computer Science Mathematicians and Computer Scientists About the Author Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ebeling, Institute of Algebraic Geometry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
This is the first book devoted to lattice methods, a recently developed way of calculating multiple integrals in many variables. Multiple integrals of this kind arise in fields such as quantum physics and chemistry, statistical mechanics, Bayesian statistics and many others. Lattice methods are an effective tool when the number of integrals are large. The book begins with a review of existing methods before presenting lattice theory in a thorough, self-contained manner, with numerous illustrations and examples. Group and number theory are included, but the treatment is such that no prior knowledge is needed. Not only the theory but the practical implementation of lattice methods is covered. An algorithm is presented alongside tables not available elsewhere, which together allow the practical evaluation of multiple integrals in many variables. Most importantly, the algorithm produces an error estimate in a very efficient manner. The book also provides a fast track for readers wanting to move rapidly to using lattice methods in practical calculations. It concludes with extensive numerical tests which compare lattice methods with other methods, such as the Monte Carlo.
This volume is the most up-to-date review on Lattice Gauge Theories and Monte Carlo Simulations. It consists of two parts. Part one is an introductory lecture on the lattice gauge theories in general, Monte Carlo techniques and on the results to date. Part two consists of important original papers in this field. These selected reprints involve the following: Lattice Gauge Theories, General Formalism and Expansion Techniques, Monte Carlo Simulations. Phase Structures, Observables in Pure Gauge Theories, Systems with Bosonic Matter Fields, Simulation of Systems with Fermions.
This volume consists of research papers and expository survey articles presented by the invited speakers of the Summer Workshop on Lattice Polytopes. Topics include enumerative, algebraic and geometric combinatorics on lattice polytopes, topological combinatorics, commutative algebra and toric varieties.Readers will find that this volume showcases current trends on lattice polytopes and stimulates further developments of many research areas surrounding this field. With the survey articles, research papers and open problems, this volume provides its fundamental materials for graduate students to learn and researchers to find exciting activities and avenues for further exploration on lattice polytopes.