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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used non-invasive imaging technology for both clinical diagnosis and neuroscientific research. However, the imaging sensitivity and specificity of brain MRI are limited by the well-known technical challenge of MRI acquisition-low image encoding efficiency, leading to limited acquisition speed, spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio especially for in-vivo imaging. In order to address these challenges, this thesis presents newly developed spatiotemporal encoding methods, which are used to improve the sensitivity and specificity as well as provide time and cost savings for different MRI applications, including diffusion, quantitative relaxometry and functional imaging. The novel encoding strategies in high-dimensional space together with efficient data sampling schemes allow better use of radio-frequency pulse, modern receiver coil arrays and shared data correlation. The high imaging efficiency provided by these spatiotemporal acquisition methods was demonstrated to help overcome several long-standing challenges in brain MRI, which should help increase its diagnosis power and gain further understanding of the structural and functional organization of the human brain.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is among the most important medical imaging techniques available today. There is an installed base of approximately 15,000 MRI scanners worldwide. Each of these scanners is capable of running many different "pulse sequences", which are governed by physics and engineering principles, and implemented by software programs that control the MRI hardware. To utilize an MRI scanner to the fullest extent, a conceptual understanding of its pulse sequences is crucial. Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences offers a complete guide that can help the scientists, engineers, clinicians, and technologists in the field of MRI understand and better employ their scanner. - Explains pulse sequences, their components, and the associated image reconstruction methods commonly used in MRI - Provides self-contained sections for individual techniques - Can be used as a quick reference guide or as a resource for deeper study - Includes both non-mathematical and mathematical descriptions - Contains numerous figures, tables, references, and worked example problems
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging modality that provides excellent soft tissue contrast without using ionizing radiations. These qualities/properties make MRI the preferred imaging modality for critical organs like heart and brain. Over the past decade, the advancement in hardware and image reconstruction algorithms has led to substantial improvements in MRI in terms of imaging speeds, quality and reliability. However, MRI speeds need to be further improved while retaining/maintaining the image quality given that the emerging medical diagnostic procedures are increasingly relying on detailed characterization of physiological functions that evolve on time scales too fast to be captured using conventional MRI methods. This dissertation starts with presenting a sparse signal recovery based fast MRI method. This method synergistically combines a data redundancy scheme for high frequency details with a novel and physically realizable MR signal encoding formulation. The new signal encoding formulation uses clinically deployed tagging radio frequency pulses to mix information in the spatial frequency domain prior to acquisition. Thus, the new formulation leads to a more uniform coverage of spatial frequency information even at high accelerations. The synergistic combination of image-detail redundancy encoding with tagging based signal encoding allows recovery of edges and fine structures with unprecedented quality. Next, this dissertation evaluates the use of fast spiral trajectories for high spatial resolution functional imaging of human superior colliculus. Gradient efficient and motion-robust spiral trajectories are used to keep fMRI scan durations short. . However, high resolution imaging of human subcortical structures using these trajectories is limited due to the weak functional responses of SC structures and also low signal-to-noise ratio associated with small voxels. To improve the functional sensitivity of spiral trajectories, dual echo variants are used. Combination of two echoes of the dual-echo variants reduces noise and thereby improves the functional sensitivity of high resolution fMRI. Lastly, this dissertation presents a novel formulation for fast dynamic MRI which combines the generic linear dynamical system model with sparse recovery techniques. Specifically, the formulation uses a known prior spatio-temporal model to predict the underlying image and uses sparse recovery techniques to recover the residual image. The spatio-temporal evolution model inherently encodes for coupled data redundancies in the spatial- and temporal-dimensions. Also, the generalizability of the formulation in choosing the evolution model allows it to be applicable to various physiological functions.
This is the most comprehensive book to be written on the subject of fetal MRI. It provides a practical hands-on approach to the use of state-of-the-art MRI techniques and the optimization of sequences. Fetal pathological conditions and methods of prenatal MRI diagnosis are discussed by organ system, and the available literature is reviewed. Interpretation of findings and potential artifacts are thoroughly considered with the aid of numerous high-quality illustrations. In addition, the implications of fetal MRI are explored from the medico-legal and ethical points of view. This book will serve as a detailed resource for radiologists, obstetricians, neonatologists, geneticists, and any practitioner wanting to gain an in-depth understanding of fetal MRI technology and applications. In addition, it will provide a reference source for technologists, researchers, students, and those who are implementing a fetal MRI service in their own facility.
The first book to cover the groundbreaking development and clinical applications of Magnetic Resonance Elastography, this book is essential for all practitioners interested in this revolutionary diagnostic modality. The book is divided into three sections. The first covers the history of MRE. The second covers technique and clinical applications of MRE in the liver with respect to fibrosis, liver masses, and other diseases. Case descriptions are presented to give the reader a hands-on approach. The final section presents the techniques, sequence and preliminary results of applications in other areas of the body including muscle, brain, lung, heart, and breast.
From a signal processing perspective, we expect that our two frameworks could contribute to better characterizing brain activation patterns.
The medical MRI community is by far the largest user of diffusion NMR techniques and this book captures the current surge of methods and provides a primary source to aid adoption in this field. There is a trend to adapting the more advanced diffusion encoding sequences developed by NMR researchers within the fields of porous media, chemical engineering, and colloid science to medical research. Recently published papers indicate great potential for improved diagnosis of the numerous pathological conditions associated with changes of tissue microstructure that are invisible to conventional diffusion MRI. This book disseminates these recent developments to the wider community of MRI researchers and clinicians. The chapters cover the theoretical basis, hardware and pulse sequences, data analysis and validation, and recent applications aimed at promoting further growth in the field. This is a fast moving field and chapters are written by key MRI scientists that have contributed to the successful translation of the advanced diffusion NMR methods to the context of medical MRI, from global locations.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has become a standard tool for mapping the working brain's activation patterns, both in health and in disease. It is an interdisciplinary field and crosses the borders of neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry, radiology, mathematics, physics and engineering. Developments in techniques, procedures and our understanding of this field are expanding rapidly. In this second edition of Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Richard Buxton – a leading authority on fMRI – provides an invaluable guide to how fMRI works, from introducing the basic ideas and principles to the underlying physics and physiology. He covers the relationship between fMRI and other imaging techniques and includes a guide to the statistical analysis of fMRI data. This book will be useful both to the experienced radiographer, and the clinician or researcher with no previous knowledge of the technology.
Recent advances in the biosciences have led to a range of powerful new technologies, particularly nucleic acid, protein and cell-based methodologies. The most recent insights have come to affect how scientists investigate and define cellular processes at the molecular level. This book expands upon the techniques included in the first edition, providing theory, outlines of practical procedures, and applications for a range of techniques. Written by a well-established panel of research scientists, the book provides an up-to-date collection of methods used regularly in the authors’ own research programs.