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Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) is a valuable endemic and important source of timber and carbon storage in California. This species is unique among conifers in its ability to reproduce clonally through prolific sprouting. Due to extensive timber harvesting, only ~5% of the native range of old growth redwood forest remains uncut. Knowledge about clonal diversity and patterns throughout the range of coast redwood may allow us to better understand the reproductive ecology of this species and identify populations that may be at risk due to low genetic or genotypic diversity. In this dissertation, clonal diversity and patterns are described in two paired one-hectare plots at each of three old-growth redwood forests located at different latitudes within the native the range of coast redwood. The impacts of clonal reproduction on spatial patterns in old redwood forests are also explored. High levels of genetic and genotypic diversity were present at all three study sites. Clonal diversity and structure did not seem due vary by geographic location. Instead, variation between study plots may have been due to a combination of local environmental factors and disturbance history. Clones were spatially aggregated at all study plots, and clonal reproduction generally led to significant spatial clustering at scales less than 10 m. The finding of high genotypic diversity suggests that despite prolific sprouting, sexual recruitment still plays an important role in the reproductive ecology of coast redwood. In order to emulate old forest reference conditions, second growth forests should be managed to maintain high levels of clonal diversity. Additionally, forest managers seeking to restore old forest characteristics should plant and thin to create spatial patterns that mix single seed-origin trees and clonal clusters.
Evidence is mounting that redwood forests, like many other ecosystems, cannot survive as small, isolated fragments in human-altered landscapes. Such fragments lose their diversity over time and, in the case of redwoods, may even lose the ability to grow new, giant trees. The Redwood Forest, written in support of Save-the-Redwood League's master plan, provides scientific guidance for saving the redwood forest by bringing together in a single volume the latest insights from conservation biology along with new information from data-gathering techniques such as GIS and remote sensing. It presents the most current findings on the geologic and cultural history, natural history, ecology, management, and conservation of the flora and fauna of the redwood ecosystem. Leading experts -- including Todd Dawson, Bill Libby, John Sawyer, Steve Sillett, Dale Thornburgh, Hartwell Welch, and many others -- offer a comprehensive account of the redwoods ecosystem, with specific chapters examining: the history of the redwood lineage, from the Triassic Period to the present, along with the recent history of redwoods conservation life history, architecture, genetics, environmental relations, and disturbance regimes of redwoods terrestrial flora and fauna, communities, and ecosystems aquatic ecosystems landscape-scale conservation planning management alternatives relating to forestry, restoration, and recreation. The Redwood Forest offers a case study for ecosystem-level conservation and gives conservation organizations the information, technical tools, and broad perspective they need to evaluate redwood sites and landscapes for conservation. It contains the latest information from ground-breaking research on such topics as redwood canopy communities, the role of fog in sustaining redwood forests, and the function of redwood burls. It also presents sobering lessons from current research on the effects of forestry activities on the sensitive faunas of redwood forests and streams. The key to perpetuating the redwood forest is understanding how it functions; this book represents an important step in establishing such an understanding. It presents a significant body of knowledge in a single volume, and will be a vital resource for conservation scientists, land use planners, policymakers, and anyone involved with conservation of redwoods and other forests.