Download Free Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Habitat Use In Anadromous Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus In Nearshore Marine And Overwintering Lake Environments Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Habitat Use In Anadromous Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus In Nearshore Marine And Overwintering Lake Environments and write the review.

Even though anadromy is integral to the life history of the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in many northern regions, little is known about what shapes the patterns of anadromy. Moreover, little is known about the habitat use (e.g. temperature use and/or depth distribution) in relation to movement activity, especially during the overwintering freshwater residency period. An improved understanding of their behaviour in both freshwater and the marine environment will improve our understanding of how a cold-water specialist, such as Arctic charr, may respond to a changing climate, given the predicted and observed climate changes and existing hypotheses about its likely consequences for northern fishes. Accordingly, anadromous adult Arctic charr from two populations located near the southern end of the species distributional range have been studied in 2012, 2014 and 2015, to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of habitat use in the nearshore marine and overwintering lake environments using passive acoustic and archival telemetry methods and a mixed effects modelling framework. Research has focussed on movement activity of anadromous Arctic charr while overwintering in freshwater lakes. Results showed that movement activity declined markedly during the ice-covered period, with low movement activity suggesting only opportunistic maintenance feeding as an energy conservation strategy. Movement activity was negatively correlated with body length, with smaller individuals being more active than larger conspecifics. Although general movement activity patterns were evident, there were significant differences among individuals, particularly in the spring immediately prior to lake departure. Lake size and individual differences in metabolic rate may account for some of this variation. Photoperiod strongly influenced the decline in movement activity in late autumn and, in combination with ice breakup, the increase in movement activity in spring. Arctic charr utilized a narrow temperature window (0.5-2ʻC) during the ice-covered period and used cooler temperatures available within the middle to upper water column. Use of the selected lower temperatures is indicative of a strategy to reduce metabolic costs and minimize energy expenditure, preserving stored lipids for overwinter survival and the energetic costs of preparation for seaward migration. As Arctic charr are visual feeders, use of the upper water column is thought to aid foraging efficiency by increasing the likelihood of prey capture. In addition to seasonal movement patterns, this thesis also focussed on diel activity patterns. Arctic charr were observed to display diurnal activity patterns throughout the overwinter residency period, likely driven by prey and light availability in the upper water column where daylight facilitates foraging efficiency by increasing the likelihood of prey capture. Movement activity increased as a function of temperature, except during winter, where cold-water temperatures associated with increased activity were likely a by-product of (opportunistic) feeding behaviour immediately below the ice. The utilization of warmer water temperatures when activity was reduced was thought to occur for the purpose of improving assimilation efficiencies in winter and preparing for outmigration during the ice breakup period. During the marine migration, Arctic charr utilized warmer ambient water temperatures available in the upper water column, possibly to aid in physiological processes such as digestion, whereas deeper depths were suggested to be used for feeding purposes. Size-dependent thermal preferences were evident, with larger individuals utilizing cooler water temperatures compared to smaller individuals, a pattern of temperature use suggestive of ontogenetic changes in thermal habitat use for the purpose of growth maximization. Diurnal patterns of diving activity were interpreted to reflect the vertical migration of prey items and/or to be related to the visual capabilities of Arctic charr as daytime feeding likely remains more profitable in terms of rapid food acquisition and minimization of foraging costs. Dive duration was dependent on body size with smaller individuals performing shorter dives to maintain their core temperature and abilities to both effectively capture prey and avoid predation. This thesis is the first to provide observations of movement activity and thermal habitat use in adult anadromous Arctic charr while overwintering in freshwater lakes, and to directly test and observe size-dependent thermal preferences in Arctic charr at sea. Together, the findings of this thesis have made an important contribution to the winter ecology and marine migration of anadromous adult Arctic charr and lays the foundation for assessing future climate change effects on Arctic charr populations in Canada and elsewhere.
Destruction of habitat is the major cause for loss of biodiversity including variation in life history and habitat ecology. Each species and population adapts to its environment, adaptations visible in morphology, ecology, behaviour, physiology and genetics. Here, the authors present the population ecology of Atlantic salmon and brown trout and how it is influenced by the environment in terms of growth, migration, spawning and recruitment. Salmonids appeared as freshwater fish some 50 million years ago. Atlantic salmon and brown trout evolved in the Atlantic basin, Atlantic salmon in North America and Europe, brown trout in Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. The species live in small streams as well as large rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal seas and oceans, with brown trout better adapted to small streams and less well adapted to feeding in the ocean than Atlantic salmon. Smolt and adult sizes and longevity are constrained by habitat conditions of populations spawning in small streams. Feeding, wintering and spawning opportunities influence migratory versus resident lifestyles, while the growth rate influences egg size and number, age at maturity, reproductive success and longevity. Further, early experiences influence later performance. For instance, juvenile behaviour influences adult homing, competition for spawning habitat, partner finding and predator avoidance. The abundance of wild Atlantic salmon populations has declined in recent years; climate change and escaped farmed salmon are major threats. The climate influences through changes in temperature and flow, while escaped farmed salmon do so through ecological competition, interbreeding and the spreading of contagious diseases. The authors pinpoint essential problems and offer suggestions as to how they can be reduced. In this context, population enhancement, habitat restoration and management are also discussed. The text closes with a presentation of what the authors view as major scientific challenges in ecological research on these species.
The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments provides an interdisciplinary view into almost all aspects of the environment, with a detailed survey of the background literature. This book focuses on the Alaskan Beaufort Shelf environment. Organized into four parts encompassing 20 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the characteristics and history of the region in which the research took place and defines the objectives of the studies program. This text then examines the subsynoptic meteorological networks along the Beaufort Sea coast and shelf. Other chapters consider the thermally generated mesoscale effects on surface winds and the orographic mesoscale effects on surface winds. This book discusses as well the phytoplankton associations and relative phytoplankton production in the area between the 20-m depth contour and the edge of the ice in summer. The final chapter deals with the characteristics of the ice cover and oil-ice interactions that will affect cleanup activities after blowout. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and conservationists.
Addressed primarily to researchers of fish, but also of possible interest to researchers of biological rhythms in general, 19 papers from a workshop near Montreal, August 1991, discuss aspects of the biorhythms of fishes as they apply to aquaculture and to reactions to the pollution of natural habit
The Atlantic salmon is one of the most prized and exploited species worldwide, being at the centre of a massive sports fishing industry and increasingly as the major farmed species in many countries worldwide. Atlantic Salmon Ecology is a landmark publication, both scientifically important and visually attractive. Comprehensively covering all major aspects of the relationship of the Atlantic salmon with its environment, chapters include details of migration and dispersal, reproduction, habitat requirements, feeding, growth rates, competition, predation, parasitsm, population dynamics, effects of landscape use, hydro power development, climate change, and exploitation. The book closes with a summary and look at possible future research directions. Backed by the Norwegian Research Council and with editors and contributors widely known and respected, Atlantic Salmon Ecology is an essential purchase for all those working with this species, including fisheries scientists and managers, fish biologists, ecologists, physiologists, environmental biologists and aquatic scientists, fish and wildlife department personnel and regulatory bodies. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies of this important publication. Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of Atlantic Salmon Atlantic Salmon is one of the world's most commercially important species Backed by the Norwegian Research Council Experienced editor and internationally respected contributors
This work gives a critical overview on the evolution and population biology of salmon and their relatives. It should appeal to investigators in each of the scientific disciplines it integrates - evolutionary biology, ecology, salmonid biology, management and conservation. Variation in salmonids can be used to illustrate virtually all evolution.
This manual describes methods and equipment used to estimate the ages of groundfish species studied by the Pacific Biological Station. Procedures for routine identification of annuli on scales, otoliths, otolith section, fin-ray sections, and spines are described and illustrated. Although the techniques are applied to species found off Canada's west coast, they should be applicable to other marine and freshwater fishes from temperate and arctic waters. Because some of the procedures are experimental and many have not been validated, it is expected that this manual will be revised several times.
This book describes the fish which exhibit diadromy, their life history strategies and the implications for fisheries. The book should therefore represent an important volume for workers in fish biology, animal physiology and behaviour, and fisheries.
Effects of global warming on the physical, chemical, ecological structure and function and biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems are not well understood and there are many opinions on how to adapt aquatic environments to global warming in order to minimize the negative effects of climate change. Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters presents a synthesis of the latest research on a whole range of inland water habitats – lakes, running water, wetlands – and offers novel and timely suggestions for future research, monitoring and adaptation strategies. A global approach, offered in this book, encompasses systems from the arctic to the Antarctic, including warm-water systems in the tropics and subtropics and presents a unique and useful source for all those looking for contemporary case studies and presentation of the latest research findings and discussion of mitigation and adaptation throughout the world. Edited by three of the leading limnologists in the field this book represents the latest developments with a focus not only on the impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems but also offers a framework and suggestions for future management strategies and how these can be implemented in the future. Limnologists, Climate change biologists, fresh water ecologists, palaeoclimatologists and students taking relevant courses within the earth and environmental sciences will find this book invaluable. The book will also be of interest to planners, catchment managers and engineers looking for solutions to broader environmental problems but who need to consider freshwater ecology.