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Thirty-five papers were presented at the International Symposium on Photoelasticity, Tokyo, 1986, representing fifty-five authors. Eighteen of these papers were presented by Japanese photoelasticians and seventeen by leading foreign authorities from eleven countries (Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, F.R. of Germany, France, Greece, India, Switzerland, UK, USA and USSR) • This is the first symposium on photoelasticity of international scope held in Japan. The primary objectives of this symposium are to help bridge the gap between photoelastic researchers around the world, to promote mutual understanding and communications and to facilitate exchange of newly acquired knowledge in theories and techniques. In addition, it is important that these valuable results are communicated effectively to engineers who can apply them in practice in industry. The papers presented at this symposium cover all branches of photo elasticity in a broad sense, including, in addition to long estab lished photoelasticity, newly developed moire, interferometric, and holographic photoelasticity, caustics and speckle. Therefore, from an optical stress analysis pe~spective, this volume is the latest compre hensive collection of photoelastic expertises.
Physical models have been, and continue to be used by engineers when faced with unprecedented challenges, when engineering science has been non-existent or inadequate, and in any other situation when the engineer has needed to raise their confidence in a design proposal to a sufficient level to begin construction. For this reason, models have mostly been used by designers and constructors of highly innovative projects, when previous experience has not been available. The book covers the history of using of physical models in the design and development of civil and building engineering projects including bridges in the mid-18th century, William Fairbairn?s Britannia bridge in the 1840s, the masonry Aswan Dam in the 1890s, concrete dams in the 1920s, thin concrete shell roofs and the dynamic behaviour of tall buildings in earthquakes from the 1930s, tidal flow in estuaries and the acoustics of concert halls from the 1950s, and cable-net and membrane structures in the 1960s. Traditionally, progress in engineering has been attributed to the creation and use of engineering science, the understanding materials properties and the development of new construction methods. The book argues that the use of reduced scale models have played an equally important part in the development of civil and building engineering. However, like the history of engineering design itself, this crucial contribution has not been widely reported or celebrated. The book concludes with reviews of the current use of physical models alongside computer models, for example, in boundary layer wind tunnels, room acoustics, seismic engineering, hydrology, and air flow in buildings.
Fundamental measurement problems in engineering, mechanics, manufacturing, and physics are now being solved by powerful optical methods. This book presents a lucid, up-to-date discussion of these optical methods. Beginning from a firm base in modern optics, the book proceeds through relevant theory of interference and diffraction and integrates this theory with descriptions of laboratory techniques and apparatus. Among the techniques discussed are classical interferometry, photoelasticity, geometric moire, spatial filtering, moire interferometry, holography, holographic interferometry, laser speckle interferometry, and video-based speckle methods. By providing a firm base in the physical principles and at the same time allowing the reader to perform meaningful experiments related to the topic being studied, the book offers a unique user-oriented approach that will appeal to students, researchers and practising engineers.
Photoelasticity as an experimental method for analyzing stress fields in mechanics was developed in the early thirties by the pioneering works of Mesnager in France and Coker and Filon in England. Almost concurrently, Föppl, Mesmer, and Oppel in Germany contributed significantly to what turned out to be an amazing development. Indeed, in the fifties and sixties a tremendous number of scientific papers and monographs appeared, all over the world, dealing with various aspects of the method and its applications in experimental stress analysis. All of these contributions were based on the so-called Neumann-Maxwell stress-opticallaw; they were developed by means of the classical methods of vector analysis and analytic geometry, using the conventionallight-vector concept. This way of treating problems of mechanics by photoelasticity indicated many shortcomings and drawbacks of this classical method, especially when three-dimensional problems of elasticity had to be treated and when complicated load and geometry situations existed. Meanwhile, the idea of using the Poincare sphere for representing any polarization profile in photoelastic applications was introduced by Robert in France and Aben in the USSR, in order to deal with problems of polarization oflight passing through aseries of optical elements (retarders andjor rotators). Although the Poincare-sphere presentation of any polarization profile con stitutes a powerful and elegant method, it exhibits the difficulty of requiring manipulations in three-dimensional space, on the surface of the unit sphere. However, other graphical methods have been developed to bypass this difficulty.
Photoelasticity for Designers covers the fundamental principles and techniques of photoelasticity, with an emphasis on its value as an aid to engineering design. This book is divided into 12 chapters, and begins with an introduction to the essential optical effects necessary for an understanding of the photoelastic phenomena. The next chapters describe the concept and features of polariscopes; the characterization of photoelastic materials; the formulation and testing of two-dimensional models of photoelasticity; and the application of model stresses to prototypes for the analysis of stresses occurring in the plane of the model, effectively of uniform thickness. These topics are followed by a discussion of the frozen stress technique and a comparison of the various materials that can be used for models in the technique. The ending chapters deal with the principles and application of the birefringent coating and distorted model techniques. This book will prove useful to photoelasticians, design engineers, and students.
Provides insight into advanced tool materials, physical theory and research understanding of metal cutting processes. The text highlights technology developed internationally, and reviews available technology of metal cutting processes, such as turning, boring, milling and drilling. It also elucidates optimum choices for tool material and cutting conditions, and more.