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A climatology of hurricane factors important to storm surges is presented for the U.S. gulf and east coasts. A smoothed frequency of tropical storms and hurricanes entering and exiting the coast and storms passing within 150 n.mi. of the coast during the period 1871-1973 is given. The central pressure for hurricanes and tropical storms and the radius of maximum winds and speed of forward motion for hurricanes were obtained from data analysis. Directions of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms at the time they crossed the coast at selected points were also analyzed. The probability distribution of each factor was plotted and analyzed for each 50-n.mi. interval along the coast. Selected probability levels of each distribution were then summarized, and smoothed variations along the coast were obtained by analysis. The speed of motion for two classes of hurricanes (those that enetered the coast and those that passed within 150 n.mi. of the coast) were studied separately and a smooth speed analysis determined for each. The question of joint probability among the various factors and with latitude is discussed qualitatively.
Waves critically affect man in coastal regions, including the open coasts and adjacent continental shelves. Preventing beach erosion, designing and building structures, designing and operating ships, providing marine forecasts, and coastal planning are but a few examples of projects for which extensive information about wave conditions is critical. Scientific studies, especially those in volving coastal processes and the development of better wave prediction models, also require wave condition information. How ever, wave conditions along and off the coasts of the United States have not been adequately determined. The main categories of available wave data are visual estimates of wave conditions made from ships at sea, scientific measurements of waves made for short time periods at specific locations, and a small number of long-term measurements made from piers or offshore platforms. With these considerations in mind, the National Ocean Survey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sponsored the Ocean Wave Climate Symposium at Herndon, Virginia, July 12-14, 1977. This volume contains papers presented at this symposium. A goal of the symposium was to establish the foundations for a com prehensive and far-sighted wave measurement and analysis program to fully describe the coastal wave climate of the United States. Emphasis was placed on ocean engineering and scientific uses of wave data, existing wave monitoring programs, and modern measure ment techniques which may provide currently needed data.