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Economic history of rural Bihar.
Determining The Disparities Between Rural And Urban Areas Is Apparently More Difficult Than It Appears Since It Is Possible To Redefine What Is Urban And What Is Rural. Governments In Asia Use Different Definitions For Urban Areas And Do Not Define Rural Areas, Treating Them As The Undefined Residual. An Area Is Designated As Urban When It Crosses A Certain Population Limit (For Example, 5,000 Inhabitants) Or When Its Population Density Reaches To A Certain Level (For Example, 1,000 Per Square Kilometre). Small Changes In Criteria Can Have A Considerable Impact On The Urbanization Level Of A Country. Rather Than Defining Rural And Urban In Geographical Or Demographic Terms, It Is Desirable To Look At The Character Of The Rural And Urban Society And Its Economy. Economists Define An Area As Urban When The Economy Is Characterized By Non-Extractive Occupations, For Example, Industry, Commerce, That Benefit Particularly From A High Population Density And The Accompanying Infrastructure. Sociologically, Urban May Typify Wider, But Less Personal And Social Relations And A Lifestyle Characterized By Individualism, Anonymity And A Segmentation Of Life. However, Improved Transport And The Relative Reduction In Transport Costs Have Made It Easier To Commute Between An Urban Area And Its Surrounding Rural Areas Or To Temporarily Migrate From Rural To Urban Areas. Resultantly, An Increasing Number Of People Find Temporary Or Permanent Urban Employment In The Urban Areas, While Living Or At Least Being Registered To Live In A Rural Area.
Religion-based educational disparities, especially relative educational backwardness amongst the Muslims in India, are the focus of serious debate. The 2006 Sachar Committee Report rekindled public interest and attention in this important issue. Yet, considerable gaps exist in our understanding of the dynamics of religion and access to education. In Religion, Community, and Education, Alam uses a spatial approach and multilayered analytical framework to understand educational disparities in schooling between the Hindus and Muslims in Bihar. The study draws upon national-level data as well as focused fieldwork carried out in Bihar's Patna and Purnia districts. This book highlights the larger historical trajectories that have shaped educational development as well as the forms of disparities therein vis-à-vis the minorities in India. It contends that the relative educational backwardness of the Muslims reflects underlying socio-economic patterns that are often overlooked. Thus, the Muslims should not be seen merely as homogeneous socio-cultural aggregates.
Invaluable and informative, this study incorporates ingenious sampling procedures and presents a fresh theoretical perspective drawn from role analysis, class analysis, and phenomenology to examine social structures of Indian villages. More specifically, it presents several pertinent features of rural Bihar's social structure for the first time in its history. Jha explores and analyzes rural Bihar through a critical and interdisciplinary approach that can also be applied to societies on a broader scale. This study is uniquely based on historical records prepared at the beginning of the century, as well as on traditional survey data. These historical records enabled Jha to classify the villages into categories on a simple-complex continuum, which assisted in preparing the sample of the villages and providing empirical grounds for the concept of a rural-urban continuum. This pioneering volume will be of interest to sociologists, anthropologists, and those engaged in rural development. "This book deals with very important areas of contemporary sociological studies." --Contributions to Indian Sociology "In the novelty of its comparative perspective, in its methodological thoroughness (117 tables are included), and in the clarity and freedom from error of its prose, this study ranks very high. . . . Clearly, comparative studies such as this one are uniquely capable of revealing the distinctive features of the phenomena being compared. The study also illuminates significant intra-regional social differences in a region generally considered homogeneous." --The Journal of Asian Studies "In the novelty of its comparative perspective, in its methodological thoroughness, and in its clarity and freedom from error of its prose, this study ranks very high. . . . Comparative studies such as this one are uniquely capable of revealing the distinctive features of the phenomena being compared." --The Journal of Asian Studies
Based Mainly On Archival Material, This Work Shows How The Tea Planters, The Colonial Government And The Local Government Combined To Exploit The Meek And Docile Non-Assamese Immigrant Labour In North-East India.
This unique study contributes to three important research fields: the history of commodities, the his-tory of the colonial developmental state, and the agrarian history of South Asia. First, it demonstrates the dynamism of cash-crop production systems and how these systems influenced each other. Second, it explores how colonial state policy came to stimulate research-based agronomic interventions, often with unintended consequences. And finally, it shows how cash cropping entangled South Asians and Europeans in new forms of struggle and cooperation. This meticulous and illuminating study deserves a wide readership. Willem van Schendel, professor of Modern Asian History at the University of Amsterdam.