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A one-year reconnaissance study was made of a large braided glacial river and its drainage basin for which a minimum of hydrometric and meteorologic data existed. The report includes estimates of the water balance, flow-duration curves, and sediment characteristics, and descriptions of stream response to glacial melt and rain, channel geometry and channel processes. Mean annual basin precipitation is estimated at 40.4 in. and mean annual loss of permanent glacial storage is about 1 in. About 30% of this leaves the basin as evapotranspiration, 50% as stream flow, and 20% as groundwater flow. Characteristics of response to glacial melt are outlined. Flow peaks near the mouth occur within 24 hours of rainfall greater than 0.5 in./day at foothills meteorological stations; rains of less than that amount do not generally produce discernible stream response. Stream channel geometry is described in detail. Most channels on the lower floodplain are asymmetrical and are roughly triangular or parabolic, and have high width/depth ratios. At-a-station hydraulic geometry is described. Surveys and ground and aerial photography are used to describe channel changes. (Author).
Cryosols – permafrost – occupy a unique part of the earth and have properties greatly different from other soils. They also occur where the greatest impact of global warming is predicted. This is the first book bring together the leading researchers in the area of permafrost soils to produce a review of the geography, cryogenic soil forming processes, ecological processes, classification and use of soils that are affected by permafrost.
The boreal forest is the northern-most woodland biome, whose natural history is rooted in the influence of low temperature and high-latitude. Alaska's boreal forest is now warming as rapidly as the rest of Earth, providing an unprecedented look at how this cold-adapted, fire-prone forest adjusts to change. This volume synthesizes current understanding of the ecology of Alaska's boreal forests and describes their unique features in the context of circumpolar and global patterns. It tells how fire and climate contributed to the biome's current dynamics. As climate warms and permafrost (permanently frozen ground) thaws, the boreal forest may be on the cusp of a major change in state. The editors have gathered a remarkable set of contributors to discuss this swift environmental and biotic transformation. Their chapters cover the properties of the forest, the changes it is undergoing, and the challenges these alterations present to boreal forest managers. In the first section, the reader can absorb the geographic and historical context for understanding the boreal forest. The book then delves into the dynamics of plant and animal communities inhabiting this forest, and the biogeochemical processes that link these organisms. In the last section the authors explore landscape phenomena that operate at larger temporal and spatial scales and integrates the processes described in earlier sections. Much of the research on which this book is based results from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Here is a synthesis of the substantial literature on Alaska's boreal forest that should be accessible to professional ecologists, students, and the interested public.