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A collection of conference Proceedings of the Workshop on 'Soil Compaction: Consequences, Structural Regeneration Processes', Avignon, France, 17-18 September 1985.
Agriculture in the 21st century will need considerable modification to remain both productive and sustainable. Greater production is needed to meet the needs of our still-growing populations and to combat hunger and poverty. Declines in soil health and the pollution of water sources are making many of our production systems less tenable. These adverse trends are exacerbated more and more by the impacts of climate change. There are, fortunately, alternative methods available for agricultural practice that can countervail these constraints. Biological Approaches to Regenerative Soil Systems brings together the work of both researchers and practitioners to map out better approaches to contemporary agriculture that draw upon both old and new knowledge. It presents the science that underlies more biologically driven strategies as well as contemporary innovative experiences in diverse parts of the world. Both accepted research and these varied experiences encourage confidence that these approaches, not relying primarily on the introduction of new varieties and on exogenous inputs, can succeed. This book updates and revises a preceding volume Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems published by CRC Press in 2006. So much has been learned and done on this subject in the past decade and a half that a second edition was warranted. For instance, the first edition was published, knowledge about plant-soil microbiomes, which are a frequent focus in this book, has mushroomed. Because sustainability is a broad term and an end-state, the editors preferred to assemble expertise regarding regenerative agriculture, which is concerned with the means for achieving sustainability. The concept of regenerative soil systems, entities that are more complex and multifaceted than "soil" alone, also incorporates a concern with having more resilient agricultural systems, ones that are better able to cope with the multiple stresses of climate change that are foreseen for the decades ahead. The book’s chapters representing a wide range of disciplines were contributed by 84 scientists and practitioners from 20 countries. Although they come from persons with in-depth knowledge of their respective fields, the chapters are written to be accessible to readers who are not trained in the specialized subjects. Taken together, the chapters provide students, researchers, practitioners, planners, and policy makers with a comprehensive understanding of both the science and the steps needed to regenerate and sustain soil systems around the world for the long-term benefit of humankind and the environment.
The purpose of this report is to review available information on soil compaction as related to soil and water conservation on forest and range lands.
This study evaluated the effect of soil compaction on the growth of natural regeneration on volcanic ash-influenced soils in the southern Washington Cascades. Growth of 9 to 18 year-old sapling-. sized Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) was studied on sites ranging from 915 to 1006 m elevation in an area selectively logged in 1959, and for 10 to 13 year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) established following a group selection harvest on a 1342 in elevation site logged in 1967. Soils ranged from loam to sandy loam texture. Height, diameter, and volume growth were measured for trees growing under an array of disturbance conditions to determine the influence of soil compaction on their size and growth rates. A number of soil, vegetation, and site variables were studied to determine possible cause and effect relationships with growth parameters. Bulk density of the surface 30.5 cm was measured within the lateral rooting zone to provide an index of compaction. Trees were destructively sampled to obtain a detailed record of their development, and to adjust for differences in age as a result of variable establishment delays. Average bulk density increases of 15.4 and 27.5 percent relative to adjacent undisturbed soil were found for skid trails in the ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine study areas, respectively. The effect of soil displacement overshadowed any possible relationship between bulk density and growth for lodgepole pine. The strong correlation of growth with organic matter content indicates that removal of nutrient-rich surface soil during logging and slash disposal operations may significantly affect site productivity, particularly for poorly developed skeletal soils. Regression analysis showed that several growth parameters for ponderosa p1ne were strongly associated with the increase in bulk density despite additional significant relationships with tree age, site index, and overstory cover. Reductions in total growth of 4.8, 7.7 and 20.4 percent were predicted for height, diameter, and stem volume of 14 year-old skid trail regeneration based on the mean bulk density increase. Evaluation of current growth increment was effective in adjusting for differences in tree age. Predicted average reductions in height, diameter, and volume growth of 7.1, 11.8, and 18.9 percent were estimated for young ponderosa pine based on the last five year period. Projected impacts from regression analysis represent conservative estimates, since the mean density increase used is the prediction model included measurements for sample trees growing in soil with bulk densities comparable to undisturbed levels. When the ponderosa pine sample was stratified into low and high impact groups based on bulk density increases, differences in the shape of height-age and diameter-age curves were apparent. A significant decrease in the rate of growth was noted for trees growing under highly disturbed conditions. Projected effects of compaction on site productivity throughout the rotation are difficult to assess, but measurable reductions in young tree growth coupled with frequent stand entries and the slow rate of natural soil recovery provide a basis for concern for long-term impacts.
This book aims to focus on the current state of knowledge and scientific advances about the complex and intertwined issues of regenerative farming as a transformative solution for offsetting the disastrous climate effects of burning fossil fuels and impairments of natural resource bases. Regenerative agriculture advocates no-till practices, planting cover crops, integrating livestock and crop production, improving animal welfare practices, improving the social and economic well-being of communities, sequestering carbon, improving soil health, and increasing yields and profit with a positive impact on food access or food safety regardless of farm size. This book examines the innovations that will equip agriculture to cope with the competing challenges of addressing food and nutrition security, improving livelihoods, combatting climate change, and sustainably managing natural resources. The scope of this book extends to agricultural scientists, students, consultants, site owners, industrial stakeholders, regulators, and policymakers.