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Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely. People who are 50 years of age or older are more likely to experience many of the risk factors that can cause or exacerbate social isolation or loneliness, such as living alone, the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments. Over a life course, social isolation and loneliness may be episodic or chronic, depending upon an individual's circumstances and perceptions. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that social isolation presents a major risk for premature mortality, comparable to other risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity. As older adults are particularly high-volume and high-frequency users of the health care system, there is an opportunity for health care professionals to identify, prevent, and mitigate the adverse health impacts of social isolation and loneliness in older adults. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults summarizes the evidence base and explores how social isolation and loneliness affect health and quality of life in adults aged 50 and older, particularly among low income, underserved, and vulnerable populations. This report makes recommendations specifically for clinical settings of health care to identify those who suffer the resultant negative health impacts of social isolation and loneliness and target interventions to improve their social conditions. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults considers clinical tools and methodologies, better education and training for the health care workforce, and dissemination and implementation that will be important for translating research into practice, especially as the evidence base for effective interventions continues to flourish.
In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good-or equally poor-health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life.
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Family caregiving affects millions of Americans every day, in all walks of life. At least 17.7 million individuals in the United States are caregivers of an older adult with a health or functional limitation. The nation's family caregivers provide the lion's share of long-term care for our older adult population. They are also central to older adults' access to and receipt of health care and community-based social services. Yet the need to recognize and support caregivers is among the least appreciated challenges facing the aging U.S. population. Families Caring for an Aging America examines the prevalence and nature of family caregiving of older adults and the available evidence on the effectiveness of programs, supports, and other interventions designed to support family caregivers. This report also assesses and recommends policies to address the needs of family caregivers and to minimize the barriers that they encounter in trying to meet the needs of older adults.
Gain the knowledge and skills you need to treat clients/patients with physical disabilities! Pedretti's Occupational Therapy: Practice Skills for Physical Dysfunction, 9th Edition uses a case-based approach threaded through each chapter to provide a solid foundation in evaluation, intervention, and clinical reasoning. The text continues to support the entry-level occupational therapist and the experienced occupational therapist focused on expanding skills and knowledge. With the OT practice framework as a guide, you will focus on the core concepts and central goals of client care. And by studying threaded case studies, you will learn to apply theory to clinical practice. Written by a team of expert OT educators and professionals led by Heidi McHugh Pendleton and Winifred Schultz-Krohn, this edition includes an eBook free with each new print purchase, featuring a fully searchable version of the entire text. - UNIQUE! Threaded case studies begin and are woven through each chapter, helping you develop clinical reasoning and decision-making skills and to apply concepts to real-life clinical practice. - UNIQUE! Ethical Considerations boxes examine the obligation to collaborate with clients on their care, using evidence to select treatment options. - UNIQUE! OT Practice Notes convey important tips and insights into professional practice. - Illustrated, evidence-based content provides a foundation for practice, especially relating to evaluation and intervention. - Information on prevention — rather than simply intervention or treatment — shows how OTs can take a proactive role in client care. - Focus on health promotion and wellness addresses the role of the occupational therapist in what the AOTA has identified as a key practice area. - Content on cultural and ethnic diversity is included in every chapter, reflecting occupational therapy's commitment to this important issue. - Key terms, chapter outlines, and chapter objectives highlight the information you can expect to learn from each chapter. - NEW! Updated content reflects the new Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) and the new Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) curriculum standards along with the new AOTA Code of Ethics. - NEW! Implementation of Occupational Therapy Services, Therapeutic Use of Self, Telehealth, and Lifestyle Redesign chapters are added to this edition. - NEW! Content on the role of the occupational therapist with clients/patients who experience long COVID. - NEW! Inside look at the lived experience of disability covers the intersection of disability perspectives and occupational justice, along with the implications for Occupational Therapy. - NEW! Updated Mindfulness chapter is expanded to cover the wide use of mindfulness in occupational therapy for those with physical disabilities. - NEW! eBook version – included with print purchase – allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices, and offers the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have the content read aloud.
This scholarly book focuses on stroke in Africa. Stroke is a leading cause of disability among adults of all ages, contributing significantly to health care costs related to long term implications, particularly if rehabilitation is sub-optimal. Given the burden of stroke in Africa, there is a need for a book that focuses on functioning African stroke survivors and the implications for rehabilitation within the African context. In addition, there is a need to progress with contextualised, person-centred, evidence-based guidance for the rehabilitation of people with stroke in Africa, thereby enabling them to lead socially and economically meaningful lives. The research incorporated in the book used a range of primary and secondary methodological approaches (scoping reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, descriptive studies, surveys, health economics, and clinical practice guideline methodology) to shed new insights into African-centred issues and strategies to optimise function post-stroke.