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The foundation of this volume is the notion that the several processes of change constituting economic and social development are systematically interrelated. The essence of development is the appearance of rapid rates of increases in many different indices--output per capita, political participation, literacy and the like. These quantitative changes are, however, commonly accompanied by vast changes in the social structure--markets emerge, political bureaucracies arise, and new educational systems appear. Written by the leading authorities on the subject, this group of papers tackles the causes and consequences of social mobility. Each author brings his particular skills to bear on various aspects of the problem in studies of persons moving from rural to urban settings, from one kind of industry to another and from one prestige level to another. Several of the papers review the theoretical and methodological issues involved in comparative research on social mobility while others compare and contrast traditional and modern stratification systems. Various papers explore the economic, religious and psychological basis of social mobility, concluding with enquiry into the consequences of rapid mobility, especially in terms of the political stability of developing nations. Because social mobility is a central consideration in any study of economic and social change, every student of change will use this pioneering reference source as a text for all future research. Contributors include Otis Dudley Duncan, Harold L. Wilensky, Michael G. Smith, Bert F. Hoselitz, Wilbert E. Moore, Natalie Rogoff Rams°y, Gideon Sjoberg, Reinhard Bendix, Harry Crockett, David Matza, Lester Seligman, and Gino Germani. Neil J. Smelser is emeritus professor, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley. Seymour Martin Lipset was professor of sociology and director of the Institute of International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.
It is a wide-spread belief that the cultural background inhered in a society affects the requirements of economic development. This relationship requires theoretical and empirical justification. The present book provides this together with an analysis of the development of cultural background itself. Cultural background is embodied in political institutions, in transactions, knowledge, incentives, in social capital, even in the tangibles of the economy. Thus, economic development is shaped and the rate of growth is affected. Conversely, economic development affects cultural background. When this interaction takes place at a non-developmental cultural background level, which is associated with low growth rates, then a growth trap is formed. Within such a growth trap, economic policy (public and monetary) is relatively deactivated and the conditions influencing the change in cultural background and its timing are of primary importance.
The theme of this book is the role of psychology in dealing with problems of national development. Questions examined include: which attitudes and values, if any, are universally associated with socio-economic development; to what extent do such values conflict with traditional beliefs and attitudes; how can knowledge from psychological research be most effectively used for modernization and development without disrupting traditional values cherished by the culture.
Why have East Asian immigrants done so well in the United States in the face of adversity and discrimination? Why have the Chinese done so much better outside China than inside? Why have Japan, Taiwan, and Korea grown so rapidly and equitably in the second half of the twentieth century? What explains Spain's transformation into a high-growth democracy after centuries of poverty and authoritarianism? Why has Brazil's economy grown faster in this century than that of any other Latin American country? And what explains the paradox of America's blacks, two-thirds of whom have made it into the middle class mainstream, while the remaining one-third languishes in the poverty of the ghetto? According to Lawrence E. Harrison, the author of this myth-shattering but ultimately hopeful book, culture--values and attitudes--provides the key to unlocking these mysteries. Drawing on three decades of experience in Latin American economic and social development as well as extensive research elsewhere, Harrison shows how it is the cultural values of a people, with respect to work, education, austerity, excellence, family, and community, that largely explain why some succeed while others do not. Harrison argues that it is the erosion of these values that lies behind America's decline, evident, for example, in lagging competitiveness, declining real income for most workers, low savings rates, the persistent and growing budget deficit, and the savings and loan scandal, not to mention growing divisiveness within the society. Understanding how culture can facilitate--or impede--progress is crucial to a renaissance in the United States, just as it is to development in Third World countries mired inauthoritarianism, economic stagnation, and social inequality. Who Prospers? suggests measures to promote cultural change that nurtures progress, both at home and abroad.
Since the early 1990s, culture, in the sense of norms and values, has entered economic analysis again, whereas it was totally absent from mainstream economics during most of the second half of the twentieth century. The disappointing results of mainstream economics and developments in the world economy triggered an awareness of the relevance of the context in which people make decisions. Developments which were triggering this were the unexpected high growth rates in Asia, (the Asian miracle), the transition of previously centrally planned economies and the increased attention for the role of religion after 9/11/2001. Some of the areas this research covers are: The history of culture in economics from Adam Smith to the present The way culture is incorporated into economic analysis Methods used in empirical analysis on culture and economics Culture as an explanatory factor of cross-country difference in institutions and performance Culture appears to be relevant for explaining differences between otherwise similar countries; in particular OECD-countries. Uncertainty avoidance, for example, significantly explains the relative importance of financial markets. This book is the first that provides an overview of the field of culture and economics and will be of use to postgraduate researchers in the field of economics and culture.
"The effort is impressive and the range of issues covered, both theoretical and practical, extensive.... It addresses some of the most crucial questions of the day regarding the direction of conceptualization in the social sciences, the role of social scientists under post-modern conditions, and the meaning of development beyond economics. For these reasons the study deserves a wide audience and should generate much discussion." --Social Indicators Research Drawing a sequential relation between the concepts of society, culture, and development, this unique volume presents an original approach toward understanding and appraising social reality. Mukherjee strives to harness social science thinking in order to study developmental processes in the context of the emerging relationship between nation-states and the world system. In doing so, he develops a remarkable synthesis from the diverse strands of thought and research in the social sciences that have evolved over the last two centuries. Mukherjee establishes a methodological breakthrough by treating economy, polity, and culture as symbiotic variables rather than as independent, dependent, of intervening variables. By positing survival, security, prosperity, and progress as the cardinal values of people in organizations, the author focuses on patterns of variability (ordinal valuations) which emerge and thereby differentiate one configuration of people from others. It is in this context that Mukherjee argues for appraising social reality of what he calls the process-structure-process syndrome, rather than the conventional social science approach which views society in a state of static or relative equilibrium. This conceptual clarity is then applied to examine the role of culture in development, which not only resolves the issues of economic growth versus social development, but also provides a sound methodological base for studying comparative development. This distinctive contribution to social theory and social science methodology will not only serve as supplementary reading for graduate students in several social science fields, but will be particularly valuable for those interested in culture issues--conflict, policy research, comparative development, and social change. "The importance of the book lies in its methodological approach, whereby economy, polity, and culture are treated as symbiotic variables within a system rather than independently. Thus, the approach breaks new ground for the study of comparative development and would be of great use to students of sociology, who are concerned with the issues of culture conflict, policy research, comparative development, and social change." --Pakistan Development Review "[Mukherjee's] latest book is a product of his stimulating discussions on society, culture and development with students and colleagues in some of the American universities. He draws his insight from some of his experiences in our society. That makes the book all the more valuable for Indian students. . . . Reading of the notes which are detailed and comprehensive is rewarding. That certainly enriches the value of the book." --Indian Book Chronicle
Culture, Spirituality and Economic Development: Opening a dialogue
Economic, technological, and sociopolitical changes have been transforming the cultures of advanced industrial societies in profoundly important ways during the past few decades. This ambitious work examines changes in religious beliefs, in motives for work, in the issues that give rise to political conflict, in the importance people attach to having children and families, and in attitudes toward divorce, abortion, and homosexuality. Ronald Inglehart's earlier book, The Silent Revolution (Princeton, 1977), broke new ground by discovering a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies. This new volume demonstrates that this value shift is part of a much broader process of cultural change that is gradually transforming political, economic, and social life in these societies. Inglehart uses a massive body of time-series survey data from twenty-six nations, gathered from 1970 through 1988, to analyze the cultural changes that are occurring as younger generations gradually replace older ones in the adult population. These changes have far-reaching political implications, and they seem to be transforming the economic growth rates of societies and the kind of economic development that is pursued.
Culture is dynamic. But in cultural (ethnic) groups certain elements of culture such as cultural values relating to the family are regarded indispensable for social order, and therefore for the survival of the society. Accordingly those concerned strive to maintain social order by rediscovering what they regard as traditional cultural values. The thesis of this study is: the process of the development of cultural values relating to the family can be defined as "Spiral Involution"; namely a development through interparticipative stages, each stage (past or present) participating in the other, as impulse to further development. Therefore the proposition of this study is: dialogal-value-system-concordance, a conscious intervention by those concerned through dialogue towards optimal social order.