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A wide-ranging analysis of community involvement in health development (CIH) as a concept, a strategy, and an ongoing experiment in the search for ways to improve health care for the majority of the world's population. Noting that discussions of health-sector reform have given CIH greater prominence, the book aims to provide a resource of ideas and practical methods for all health professionals interested in applying a participatory approach to development work. The book has seven chapters. The first traces the historical evolution of the concept of CIH and discusses its place within the broader areas of development theory and practice. The next three chapters provide detailed case studies of recent experiences with CIH in Bolivia, Nepal, and Senegal. Chapter five, on health development structures, draws on data from nine countries included in a study, which explored the potential of civil society organizations to promote and facilitate CIH. Results of the study confirm the considerable potential of health development structures to bring together both different sectors and different levels of government. Chapter six discusses the need to develop an appropriate methodology of participatory development. Lessons from the case studies are used to identify a set of operational principles for community action for health. The final chapter draws a number of important conclusions concerning ways in which the concept of CIH can move closer to practical reality. Many past failures are attributed to the unrealistic expectation that participatory efforts would make it possible to achieve more with less money.
Evolution and the Human-Animal Drive to Conflict examines how fundamental, universal animal drives, such as dominance/prevalence, survival, kinship, and "profit" (greed, advantage, whether of material or social nature), provide the basis for the evolutionary trap that promotes the unstable, conflictive, dominant-prone individual and group human behaviours. Examining this behavioural tension, this book argues that while these innate features set up behaviours that lean towards aggression influenced by social inequalities, the means implemented to defuse them resort to emotional and intellectual strategies that sponsor fanaticism and often reproduce the very same behaviours they intend to defuse. In addressing these concerns, the book argues that we should enhance our resources to promote solidarity, accept cultural differences, deter expansionist and uncontrolled profit drives, and achieve collective access towards knowledge and progress in living conditions. This entails promoting the redistribution of resources and creative labour access and avoiding policies that generate a fragmented world with collective and individual development disparities that invite and encourage dominance behaviours. This resource redistribution asserts that it is necessary to reformulate the global set of human priorities towards increased access to better living conditions, cognitive enhancement, a more amiable interaction with the ecosystem and non-aggressive cultural differences, promote universal access to knowledge, and enhance creativity and cultural convivence. These behavioural changes entail partial derangement of our ancestral animal drives camouflaged under different cultural profiles until the species succeeds in replacing the dominance of basic animal drives with prosocial, collective ones. Though it entails a formidable task of confronting financial, military, and religious powers and cultural inertias – human history is also a challenging, continuous experience in these domains – for the sake of our own self-identity and self-evaluation, we should reject any suggestion of not continuing embracing slowly constructing collective utopias channelled towards improving individual and collective freedom and creativeness. This book will interest academics and students in social, cognitive, and evolutionary psychology, the neurosciences, palaeoanthropology, philosophy, and anthropology.
The pervasive influence of technology continuously shapes our daily lives. From smartphones to smart homes, technology is revolutionizing the way we live, work and interact with each other. Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary research field focusing on the study of people interacting with information technology and plays a critical role in the development of computing systems that work well for the people using them, ensuring the seamless integration of interactive systems into our technologically driven lifestyles. The book series contains six volumes providing extensive coverage of the field, wherein each one addresses different theoretical and practical aspects of the HCI discipline. Readers will discover a wealth of information encompassing the foundational elements, state-of-the-art review in established and emerging domains, analysis of contemporary advancements brought about by the evolution of interactive technologies and artificial intelligence, as well as the emergence of diverse societal needs and application domains. These books: · Showcase the pivotal role of HCI in designing interactive applications across a diverse array of domains. · Explore the dynamic relationship between humans and intelligent environments, with a specific emphasis on the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). · Provide an extensive exploration of interaction design by examining a wide range of technologies, interaction techniques, styles and devices. · Discuss user experience methods and tools for the design of user-friendly products and services. · Bridge the gap between software engineering and human-computer interaction practices for usability, inclusion and sustainability. These volumes are an essential read for individuals interested in human-computer interaction research and applications.
This book offers readers a holistic understanding of intelligent environments, encompassing their definition, design, interaction paradigms, the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the associated broader philosophical and procedural aspects. Elaborates on AI research and the creation of intelligent environments. Zooms in on designing interactions with the IoT, intelligent agents and robots. Discusses overarching topics for the design of intelligent environments, including user interface adaptation, design for all, sustainability, cybersecurity, privacy and trust. Provides insights into the intricacies of various intelligent environment contexts, such as in automotive, urban interfaces, smart cities and beyond. This book has been written for individuals interested in Human-Computer Interaction research and applications.
Medical residents in hospitals are often required to be on duty for long hours. In 2003 the organization overseeing graduate medical education adopted common program requirements to restrict resident workweeks, including limits to an average of 80 hours over 4 weeks and the longest consecutive period of work to 30 hours in order to protect patients and residents from unsafe conditions resulting from excessive fatigue. Resident Duty Hours provides a timely examination of how those requirements were implemented and their impact on safety, education, and the training institutions. An in-depth review of the evidence on sleep and human performance indicated a need to increase opportunities for sleep during residency training to prevent acute and chronic sleep deprivation and minimize the risk of fatigue-related errors. In addition to recommending opportunities for on-duty sleep during long duty periods and breaks for sleep of appropriate lengths between work periods, the committee also recommends enhancements of supervision, appropriate workload, and changes in the work environment to improve conditions for safety and learning. All residents, medical educators, those involved with academic training institutions, specialty societies, professional groups, and consumer/patient safety organizations will find this book useful to advocate for an improved culture of safety.
The present book analyzes the relationship between internal migration, urbanization and democratization in Spain during the period of General Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1939-1975) and Spain's transition to democracy (1975-1982). Specifically, the book explores the production and management of urban space as one form of political and social repression under the dictatorship, and the threat posed to the official urban planning regimes by the phenomenon of mass squatting (chabolismo). The growing body of recent literature that analyzes the role of neighborhood associations within Spain's transition to democracy, points to the importance and radicalism of associations that formed within squatters' settlements such as Orcasitas in Madrid, Otxarkoaga in Bilbao or Somorrostro and el Camp de la Bota in Barcelona. However, relatively little is known about the formation of community life in these neighborhoods during the 1950s, and about the ways in which the struggle to control and fashion urban space prior to Spain's transition to democracy generated specific notions of democratic citizenship amongst populations lacking in prior coherent ideological commitment.
This book introduces a unique perspective on the use of data from popular emerging technologies and the effect on user quality of experience (QoE). The term data is first refined into specific types of data such as financial data, personal data, public data, context data, generated data, and the popular big data. The book focuses the responsible use of data, with consideration to ethics and wellbeing, in each setting. The specific nuances of different technologies bring forth interesting case studies, which the book breaks down into mathematical models so they can be analyzed and used as powerful tools. Overall, this perspective on the use of data from popular emerging technologies and the resulting QoE analysis will greatly benefit researchers, educators and students in fields related to ICT studies, especially where there is additional interest in ethics and wellbeing, user experience, data management, and their link to emerging technologies.