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2017 Reprint of 1954 First. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. The main idea in Julian Rotter's social learning theory is that personality represents an interaction of the individual with his or her environment. One cannot speak of a personality, internal to the individual, that is independent of the environment. Neither can one focus on behavior as being an automatic response to an objective set of environmental stimuli. Rather, to understand behavior, one must take both the individual (i.e., his or her life history of learning and experiences) and the environment (i.e., those stimuli that the person is aware of and responding to) into account. Rotter describes personality as a relatively stable set of potentials for responding to situations in a particular way. Julian B. Rotter has been cited as one of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century and is still much cited.
"The clinical psychologist after leaving the university and obtaining his first job is subject to two major pressures. On one hand is the pressure created by his training, which directs him toward caution, skepticism of generalizations, and a desire to restrict his activities to sound scientific principles, tested methods, and "approved" theories. On the other hand, his professional co-workers have little patience with his academic qualifications of statements and his long-winded statements of probabilities. They are averse to trying things out on patients. They want something done and want it done immediately. Under these pressures the clinical psychologist is usually forced to compromise. He may maintain the scientific rigor of his experimental methods in research, but in his daily work, because of the need to help patients immediately, he relies more and more on experience and empirical methods. Because of these pressures, the practice of clinical psychology in many instances is unsystematic and confused when viewed from logical or rigorous scientific viewpoints. This confusion, however, is not a necessary condition but the result of the failure of the clinical psychologists' training program to translate and relate the basic knowledge of experimental and theoretical psychology into the practical situations of the clinic, the hospital, and the school. The purpose of this book is to arrive at a systematic theory from which may be drawn specific principles for actual clinical practice, and to illustrate some of the more important applications of the theory to the practice. Rather than attempt to apply this theory to all the problems facing the clinical psychologists, we have chosen to apply it to only two of the clinician's most important problems--the measurement of personality (personality diagnosis) and psychotherapy. Even in these broad areas the application ++
Covering over fifteen years of research, this compilation offers the first comprehensive review of the relationships between self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment. It discusses topics such as depression, anxiety, addictive disorders, vocational and career choice, preventive behavior, rehabilitation, stress, academic achievement and instruction, and collective efficacy. Psychologists concerned with social cognition and practitioners in clinical counseling will find this an invaluable reference.
"Leading scholars in perceived control research review the important historical foundations and most recent developments in key areas of control theory, research, and practice. Their reviews provide insights into how this important concept became so widely influential, and project how it will continue to generate new knowledge in the future"--
Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.
Contemporary Clinical Psychology, Third Edition introduces students to this fascinating profession from an integrative, biopsychosocial perspective. Thoroughly updated to include the latest information on topics central to the field, this innovative approach to studying clinical psychology delivers an engaging overview of the roles and responsibilities of today's clinical psychologists that is designed to inform and spark interest in a future career in this dynamic field. Highlighting evidence-based therapies, multiple case studies round out the portrayal of clinical practice. Designed for graduate and undergraduate students in introductory clinical psychology courses.