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In the context of global climate change, the sustainability approach takes a holistic view of development through preservation of nature during the course of socioeconomic and human development. Reproductive health functions as an integral component of human development, enabling 'continuity' of human species through successful 'reproductive processes'. Prior studies on reproductive health are restricted to determinants such as fertility, family size, and infant mortality with limited focus on developing a holistic or comprehensive explanation of reproductive health. Although social and economic factors have been identified as reproductive health factor in prior studies, ecological component has been overlooked historically in understanding reproductive health. The present study takes a sustainability approach to reproductive health and examines its relationship with socioeconomic and ecological correlates. Theoretical model of the present study is built on the concept of sustainability, ecosystem perspective, and Sen's (1992) 'capability approach to health' which explain the aggregate effects of economic, social, and ecological factors on the reproductive health of tribal populations in India. The proposed framework suggests that the state of reproductive health reflects the aggregate effect of economic and social opportunities and ecological resources available for tribal women mediated through their level of power. Against the backdrop of environmental deterioration, this study focuses on the extent to which the changes in tribal habitat influence tribal women's power and reproductive health of tribal women. The data are from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2005-06. Structural equation analysis is used to analyze the data. It is found that social and ecological factors are more influential than economic and power factor in determining tribal women's reproductive health outcomes. Overall, the results of the study partially support the proposed model. Implications for social work practice, policy, and research are discussed. The model proposed in this study can be utilized in understanding the reproductive health experiences of marginal populations in developing nations.
In This Book, Socio-Cultural Dimensions Of Reproductive Health Have Been Critically Analysed. Eminent Social Scientists And Demographers Of India Have Contributed Empirical Articles On Various Issues Of Reproductive Health Of Women.
Study with reference to Churāchāndpur District in Manipur, India.
INTRODUCTION 1.1. Tribals in India The Tribal population of India (84.3 million) was larger than that of any other country in the world. In fact, it was almost equal to the Tribal population of nineteen countries with a substantial Tribal population during 2011. Myanmar, with a Tribal population of 14 million, was the second-largest the Tribal population. The Tribal population of India was more than four times that of Myanmar and more than six times of Mexico (10.9 million) which has the third-largest Tribal population in the world.
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
1. Introduction and methods of work.-- 2. Alcohol: equity and social determinants.-- 3. Cardiovascular disease: equity and social determinants.-- 4. Health and nutrition of children: equity and social determinants.-- 5. Diabetes: equity and social determinants.-- 6. Food safety: equity and social determinants.-- 7. Mental disorders: equity and social determinants.-- 8. Neglected tropical diseases: equity and social determinants.-- 9. Oral health: equity and social determinants.-- 10. Unintended pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: equity and social determinants.-- 11. Tobacco use: equity and social determinants.-- 12. Tuberculosis: the role of risk factors and social determinants.-- 13. Violence and unintentional injury: equity and social determinants.-- 14. Synergy for equity.
An Investment Framework for Nutrition: Reaching the Global Targets for Stunting, Anemia, Breastfeeding, and Wasting estimates the costs, impacts, and financing scenarios to achieve the World Health Assembly global nutrition targets for stunting, anemia in women, exclusive breastfeeding and the scaling up of the treatment of severe wasting among young children. To reach these four targets, the world needs US$70 billion over 10 years to invest in high-impact nutrition-specific interventions. This investment would have enormous benefits: 65 million cases of stunting and 265 million cases of anemia in women would be prevented in 2025 as compared with the 2015 baseline. In addition, at least 91 million more children would be treated for severe wasting and 105 million additional babies would be exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life over 10 years. Altogether, achieving these targets would avert at least 3.7 million child deaths. Every dollar invested in this package of interventions would yield between US$4 and US$35 in economic returns, making investing in early nutrition one of the best value-for-money development actions. Although some of the targets—especially those for reducing stunting in children and anemia in women—are ambitious and will require concerted efforts in financing, scale-up, and sustained commitment, recent experience from several countries suggests that meeting these targets is feasible. These investments in the critical 1000-day window of early childhood are inalienable and portable and will pay lifelong dividends—not only for children directly affected but also for us all in the form of more robust societies—that will drive future economies.