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Small-angle neutron scattering has been used to study the process of fatigue-induced grain boundary cavitation in two model materials, pure copper and a Cu-7A1 alloy, fatigued at elevated temperature. Values have been obtained from the scattering data for void volume fraction, and number density of the voids and their size distribution, as a function of fatigue time. The growth rate of individual voids has been calculated and found to be in good agreement with a recent theory of fatigue-induced cavitation. Copper and copper-aluminum show opposite responses to the effect of fatigue temperature on cavitation. An increase in the temperature of fatigue produces an increase in the total void volume growth rate and the void nucleation rate in the case of copper, a decrease in copper-aluminum. The process of grain boundary cavitation is shown to be very sensitive to the movement of the grain boundaries. Grain boundary migration can cause cavitated boundaries to shed their voids into the matrix. The number and size distribution of cavities in a specimen appear to be related to the extent of grain growth which occurs during fatigue.
By the late 1940s, and since then, the continuous development of dislocation theories have provided the basis for correlating the macroscopic time-dependent deformation of metals and alloys—known as creep—to the time-dependent processes taking place within the metals and alloys. High-temperature deformation and stress relaxation effects have also been explained and modeled on similar bases. The knowledge of high-temperature deformation as well as its modeling in conventional or unconventional situations is becoming clearer year by year, with new contemporary and better performing high-temperature materials being constantly produced and investigated. This book includes recent contributions covering relevant topics and materials in the field in an innovative way. In the first section, contributions are related to the general description of creep deformation, damage, and ductility, while in the second section, innovative testing techniques of creep deformation are presented. The third section deals with creep in the presence of complex loading/temperature changes and environmental effects, while the last section focuses on material microstructure–creep correlations for specific material classes. The quality and potential of specific materials and microstructures, testing conditions, and modeling as addressed by specific contributions will surely inspire scientists and technicians in their own innovative approaches and studies on creep and high-temperature deformation.