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Throughout the twentieth century, the U.S. Army has periodically reviewed the structure and organization of its primary combat unit, the division, to posture itself better to meet changing requirements. From 1939 though the mid-eighties, the Army has conducted at least eleven such reviews with associated testing and validation exercises. In November 1999, Gen. Eric Shinseki, the Army Chief of Staff, directed the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command to undertake a comprehensive review of these reorganizations. In this volume, each case study begins with an overview of the circumstances that generated the restructuring initiatives in question. The overview is followed by an analysis of the following focus areas: proposed unit missions; preparatory training; unit field test methods; testing results; TOE-required resources versus MTOE manning; equipment; technology issues; impact of conversion on unit readiness; operational/wartime validation; and other insights gained. The final chapter of this work draws upon the twelve case studies to illuminate significant common themes in the Army's perennial efforts to improve its capabilities through reorganization. (Originally published by the U.S. government, this current edition was reprinted from older PDF files; typesetting may lack some of the crispness of newer publications.)
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. In Nov. 1999, the Army began the development of a brigade-sized force capable of rapid deployment, yet with the staying power of the current heavy force. Toward that end, the Combat Studies Inst. (CSI) analyzed four U.S. Army division/brigade restructuring initiatives that took place between the years 1960 to 1994 in an attempt to "determine critical historical insights gained and common themes from previous Army experiments germane to standing up the Prototype [Initial] Brigade." To provide a broader historical context and a wider range of key themes and trends that may be relevant to the current restructuring efforts, the CSI expanded its efforts to include several additional restructuring initiatives that have occurred since 1939. Illus.
This paper focuses on the formulation of doctrine since World War II. In no comparable period in history have the dimensions of the battlefield been so altered by rapid technological changes. The need for the tactical doctrines of the Army to remain correspondingly abreast of these changes is thus more pressing than ever before. Future conflicts are not likely to develop in the leisurely fashions of the past where tactical doctrines could be refined on the battlefield itself. It is, therefore, imperative that we apprehend future problems with as much accuracy as possible. One means of doing so is to pay particular attention to the business of how the Army's doctrine has developed historically, with a view to improving methods of future development.
The U.S. Army has seen its missions grow in number and intensity in recent years with the global war on terrorism and the invasion and occupation of Iraq. The resulting levels of stress that have been placed on the Army's active and reserve components have generated public debate about whether the Army's present organization is adequate for the roles that the service is playing now and will play in the foreseeable future. At the same time, the Army has begun an extensive restructuring effort, called modularity, that is designed to significantly alter how the service is organized and how it operates in the field. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) study - prepared at the request of the House Committee on Armed Services - examines the Army's capability to fight wars, sustain long deployments, and deploy rapidly to overseas operations, as well as its dependence on personnel and units in the reserve component. This study also analyzes eight options for restructuring the Army, each of which would either increase the Army's ability to perform some types of missions or decrease its reliance on the reserve component. The options offer a broad overview of the general types of policy choices and trade-offs that decisionmakers will face when considering the size, structure, and capability of any plan for reorganizing the Army. In keeping with CBO's mandate to provide impartial analysis, this study makes no recommendations.
This book looks at several troop categories based on primary function and analyzes the ratio between these categories to develop a general historical ratio. This ratio is called the Tooth-to-Tail Ratio. McGrath's study finds that this ratio, among types of deployed US forces, has steadily declined since World War II, just as the nature of warfare itself has changed. At the same time, the percentage of deployed forces devoted to logistics functions and to base and life support functions have increased, especially with the advent of the large-scale of use of civilian contractors. This work provides a unique analysis of the size and composition of military forces as found in historical patterns. Extensively illustrated with charts, diagrams, and tables. (Originally published by the Combat Studies Institute Press)
This work provides an organizational history of the maneuver brigade and case studies of its employment throughout the various wars. Apart from the text, the appendices at the end of the work provide a ready reference to all brigade organizations used in the Army since 1917 and the history of the brigade colors.
In an increasingly urbanized world, urban terrain has become a greater factor in military operations. Simultaneously, advances in military technology have given military forces sharply increased capabilities. The conflict comes from how urban terrain can negate or degrade many of those increased capabilities. What happens when advanced weapons are used in a close-range urban fight with an abundance of cover? Storming the City explores these issues by analyzing the performance of the US Army and US Marine Corps in urban combat in four major urban battles of the mid-twentieth century (Aachen 1944, Manila 1945, Seoul 1950, and Hue 1968). Alec Wahlman assesses each battle using a similar framework of capability categories, and separate chapters address urban warfare in American military thought. In the four battles, across a wide range of conditions, American forces were ultimately successful in capturing each city because of two factors: transferable competence and battlefield adaptation. The preparations US forces made for warfare writ large proved generally applicable to urban warfare. Battlefield adaptation, a strong suit of American forces, filled in where those overall preparations for combat needed fine tuning. From World War Two to Vietnam, however, there was a gradual reduction in tactical performance in the four battles.