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This book explains the misuses and abuses of Null Hypothesis Significance Tests, which are reconsidered in light of Jeffreys’ Bayesian concept of the role of statistical inference, in experimental investigations. Minimizing the technical aspects, the studies focuses mainly on methodological contributions. The first part of the book gives an overview of the major approaches to statistical testing and an enlightening discussion of the philosophies of Fisher, Neyman-Pearson and Jeffrey. The conceptual and methodological implications of current practices of reporting effect sizes and confidence intervals are also examined and challenged. This sheds new light on the "significance testing controversy" and provides an appropriate Bayesian framework for a comprehensive approach to the analysis and interpretation of experimental data. The second part of the book provides concrete Bayesian routine procedures that bypass common misuses of significance testing and are readily applicable in a wide range of real applications. This approach addresses the need for objective reporting of experimental data, that is acceptable to the scientific community. This is emphasized by the name fiducial (from the Latin fiducia = confidence). The fiducial Bayesian procedures provide the reader with a real opportunity to think sensibly about problems of statistical inference. This book prepares students and researchers to critically read statistical analyses reported in the literature and equips them with an appropriate alternative to the use of significance testing.
There has lately been a growth in the number and level of studies of contourite deposits. Most recent studies of contourites have two major lines of interest. One, propelled by the oil industry's continuous move into increasingly deep waters, concerns their economic significance. The other involves the stratigraphic/ palaeoceanographic record of ocean circulation changes imprinted on contourite deposits that can be a key to understanding better the climate-ocean connection. The application of many different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by geophysics, sedimentology, geochemistry, petrology, scale modeling and field geology are used in the 16 papers of this volume, proposing answers to those two main aspects. The papers are subdivided into two major categories (economic interest and stratigraphic/palaeoceanographic significance), with case studies ranging from well-documented drifts to new examples of modern and fossil series, involving a large diversity of geographic and physiographic scenarios worldwide
Tests of significance have been a key tool in the research kit of behavioral scientists for nearly fifty years, but their widespread and uncritical use has recently led to a rising volume of controversy about their usefulness. This book gathers the central papers in this continuing debate, brings the issues into clear focus, points out practical problems and philosophical pitfalls involved in using the tests, and provides a benchmark from which further analysis can proceed.The papers deal with some of the basic philosophy of science, mathematical and statistical assumptions connected with significance tests and the problems of the interpretation of test results, but the work is essentially non-technical in its emphasis. The collection succeeds in raising a variety of questions about the value of the tests; taken together, the questions present a strong case for vital reform in test use, if not for their total abandonment in research.The book is designed for practicing researchers-those not extensively trained in mathematics and statistics that must nevertheless regularly decide if and how tests of significance are to be used-and for those training for research. While controversy has been centered in sociology and psychology, and the book will be especially useful to researchers and students in those fields, its importance is great across the spectrum of the scientific disciplines in which statistical procedures are essential-notably political science, economics, and the other social sciences, education, and many biological fields as well.Denton E. Morrison is professor, Department of Sociology, Michigan State University.Ramon E. Henkel is associate professor emeritus, Department of Sociology University of Maryland. He teaches as part of the graduate faculty.
There are references to clothing throughout Paul's letters, and the metaphor constitutes a significant aspect of his theology. The imagery appears several times in his letters: clothing with Christ (Gal 3:27; Rom 13:14), clothing with the new man (Col 3:9-10; Eph 4:22-24), and clothing with the resurrection body (1 Cor 15:49, 50-54; 2Cor 5:1-4). In order to understand the background to this use of the clothing metaphor, Jung Hoon Kim examines similar imagery in the Old Testament, 1 and 2 Enoch, the Apocalypse of Moses, Philo, rabbinic literature, Joseph and Aseneth, the Hymn of the Pearl, and Apuleius's Metamorphoses. He also discusses the Roman custom of clothing and the baptismal praxis of the ancient church. Kim concludes that Paul's metaphor suggests the life and glory of the image of God, which were lost by Adam, have been restored by baptism in Christ, and will go on to be consummated at the parousia.
It is a natural phenomenon for all living organisms in the world to undergo different kinds of stress during their life span. Stress has become a common problem for human beings in this materialistic world. In this period, a publication of any material on stress will be helpful for the human society. The book Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress targets all aspects of oxidative stress, including principles, mechanisms, and clinical significance. This book covers four sections: Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress, Natural Compounds as Antioxidants, Antioxidants - Health and Disease, and Oxidative Stress and Therapy. Each of these sections is interwoven with the theoretical aspects and experimental techniques of basic and clinical sciences. This book will be a significant source to scientists, physicians, healthcare professionals, and students who are interested in exploring the effect of stress on human life.
The sustainability of both natural and managed ecosystems is strongly influenced by soil biological processes. A major question in soil biology and ecosystem ecology is the extent to which these processes are affected by the function and structure of the soil's biotic community. The Significance and Regulation of Soil Biodiversity presents the discussions of a group of soil biologists and ecosystem ecologists in which they synthesize available information, present innovative methodologies, and develop cross-taxa and cross-habitat collaborations to advance our understanding of soil biodiversity. The volume addresses the extent and regulation of soil biodiversity and describes initial approaches to the linking of soil biodiversity and ecosystem function. Audience: Researchers and students in a wide range of environmental scientific disciplines.
This volume offers a comprehensive update and overview of the field of cholinergic transmission as presented by some thirty distinguished investigators who were recruited for their task from Germany, Great Britain, Canada, USA, Sweden, Israel, France and Italy. Exciting new discoveries, described in this volume, are due to recent methodological breakthroughs. These discoveries throw new light on many areas of cholinergic mechanisms.
Soybean protei ns are wi de 1 y used inhuman foods ina vari ety of forms, including baby formulas, flour, soy protein concentrates, soy protein isolates, soy sauces, textured soy fibers, and tofu. The presence of inhibitors of digestive enzymes in soy proteins impairs nutritional quality and possible safety of this impportant legume. Normal processing conditions based on the use of heat do not completely inactivate these inhibitors, so that residual amounts of plant protease inhibitors are consumed by animals and man. Inhibitors of digestive enzymes are present not only in legumes, such as soybeans, lima beans, and kidney beans, but also in nearly all plant foods, including cereals and potatoes, albeit in much smaller amounts. The antinutritional effects of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes have been widely studied and can be ameliorated by processing and/or sulfur amino acid fortification. A more urgent concern is reports that rats fed diets containing even low levels of soybean-derived inhibitors, which are found in foods such as soy-based baby formulas, may develop over their lifespan pancreatic lesions leading eventually to neoplasia or tumor formation. On the other hand, recent stUdies suggest that certain enzyme inhibitors from plant foods may prevent cancer formation in other tissues. A key question, therefore, is whether inhibitors from plant foods constitute a human health hazard.
Deolito Vistar brings a new perspective to the interpretation of the temple incident—a key event in Jesus’ life—by approaching the subject not from the “historical Jesus” point of view but from that of the authors of the Gospels. Using composition criticism as a method, Vistar sensitively analyzes the four Gospels’ accounts of the incident and shows areas of commonalities and crucial areas where the four evangelists have their own distinctive understanding of what Jesus meant by his protest in the temple. This book is a helpful example of the use of composition analysis in the exegesis of Gospel texts. It is also a helpful study of what is now generally taken for granted in Gospel scholarship: that the four evangelists were both historians and theologians.
Chromium: Its Physicochemical Behavior and Petrologic Significance is a collection of papers presented at an interdisciplinary conference on the physicochemical behavior and petrologic significance of chromium, held at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on January 7-8, 1974. Contributors explore the physicochemical behavior and petrologic significance of chromium and cover a wide range of topics, including the mineralogy of chromium and thermochemistry of chromium compounds. Comprised of 23 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on phase relations in chromium oxide-containing systems at elevated temperatures, followed by an analysis of the chromium-oxygen system at high oxygen pressures. Subsequent chapters focus on crystal field effects in chromium and its partitioning in the mantle; trivalent and divalent chromium ions in spinels; distribution and significance of chromium in meteorites; and chrome-spinel in progressive metamorphism. The paragenesis of zoned chromite from central Manitoba is also considered, along with postcumulus and subsolidus equilibration of chromite and coexisting silicates in the Eastern Bush veld Complex. The final chapter presents a hypothesis of origin for podiform chromite deposits. This monograph will be of interest to physicists, chemists, and geologists.