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The key component in forecasting demand and consumption of resources in a supply network is an accurate prediction of real-valued time series. Indeed, both service interruptions and resource waste can be reduced with the implementation of an effective forecasting system. Significant research has thus been devoted to the design and development of methodologies for short term load forecasting over the past decades. A class of mathematical models, called Recurrent Neural Networks, are nowadays gaining renewed interest among researchers and they are replacing many practical implementations of the forecasting systems, previously based on static methods. Despite the undeniable expressive power of these architectures, their recurrent nature complicates their understanding and poses challenges in the training procedures. Recently, new important families of recurrent architectures have emerged and their applicability in the context of load forecasting has not been investigated completely yet. This work performs a comparative study on the problem of Short-Term Load Forecast, by using different classes of state-of-the-art Recurrent Neural Networks. The authors test the reviewed models first on controlled synthetic tasks and then on different real datasets, covering important practical cases of study. The text also provides a general overview of the most important architectures and defines guidelines for configuring the recurrent networks to predict real-valued time series.
This paper analyzes the short-term forecasts for industrial and developing countries produced by the International Monetary Fund, and published twice a year in the World Economic Outlook (WEO). For the industrial country group, the WEO forecasts for output growth and inflation are satisfactory and pass most conventional tests in forecasting economic developments, although forecast accuracy has not improved over time, and predicting the turning points of the business cycle remains a weakness. For the developing countries, the task of forecasting movements in economic activity is even more difficult and the conventional measures of forecast accuracy are less satisfactory than for the industrial countries.
Forecasting is required in many situations. Stocking an inventory may require forecasts of demand months in advance. Telecommunication routing requires traffic forecasts a few minutes ahead. Whatever the circumstances or time horizons involved, forecasting is an important aid in effective and efficient planning. This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to forecasting methods and presents enough information about each method for readers to use them sensibly.
A methodology for real-time operations has been developed for the short-term forecasting of cloud and precipitation fields. Pattern recognition techniques are employed to extract useful features from the data field and extrapolation techniques are used to project these features into the future. To reduce computational load, contours defined by directional codes are used to delineate features. These contours are subdivided and attributes such as length, location, and location of each segment are determined. Segment matching is performed for successive observations and attribute changes are monitored over time. Several techniques for the forecasting of attributes have been explored, and an exponential smoothing filter and a linear trend adaptive smoothing filter have been chosen as most appropriate. Currently analysis is performed on a minicomputer and image processor system utilizing radar reflectivity data. Refinement of these techniques and extension into a more comprehensive short term forecasting program is planned.
The third edition of this well-received book is fully updated to equip the students and practitioners with International Accounting Standards in the form of IAS, IFRS, and the Indian Accounting Standards, Ind AS, and other related regulations for financial reporting and disclosure. Written in sync with the changing accounting practices the world over, this text book provides a comprehensive coverage of the core concepts and scope of International Accounting and their applications; added with a detailed discussion on the core concept and branches of International Financial Management which has gained significant importance in the globalized business world. This book also traces the genesis of International Accounting, and discusses at length topics like foreign currency translation, consolidation of foreign financial statements, accounting for price level changes, harmonization of accounting practices, transfer pricing, foreign financial statement analysis, interim and segment reporting, international taxation, exchange rate forecasting, and measurement and management of foreign exchange exposure. NEW TO THIS EDITION • Explains International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and its implementations. • Incorporates the latest changes in IFRS, including the new additions to the list of IFRS, such as IFRS 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17. • Covers Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS). KEY FEATURES • Comparative analyses in line with IFRS, Ind AS, and US GAAP. • Systematic and tabular form of presentation of discussions/concepts and ideas for better comprehension and clear understanding. • Large number of worked-out illustrations and examples provided in each chapter that too in a graded manner in terms of intensity to illustrate the concepts. TARGET AUDIENCE • M.Com / MFC / MBA / CA / CS / ICMAI