Download Free Shoring Up The Future For The Texas Gulf Coast Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Shoring Up The Future For The Texas Gulf Coast and write the review.

Loss of coastal land has been occurring along the Upper Texas Gulf Coast over the historical record. This loss of land will continue into the future, probably at increasing rates due to accelerated sea-level rise caused by global warming (i.e. the "greenhouse effect"). Three scenarios for shoreline retreat and land loss to the year 2050 are developed for the uppermost 200 km of the Texas Coast, between Sabine Pass and the mouth of the Trinity River. The scenarios (baseline, low-rise and high-rise) integrate best available estimates of sea-level rise in the next century with empirical relations between relative sea-level rise and shoreline movement during a baseline period (1930-1974 or 1982, depending on the availability of shoreline movement data) for each of 10 shoreline segments. Loss of coastal land results from both erosion and submergence of the coastline due to relative sea-level rise. Relative sea-level (RSL) rise, in turn, encompasses eustatic rise and land-surface subsidence. Baseline rates of RSL rise at Pier 21 on Galveston are 6.9 mm/yr (1930-1974) and 7.6 mm/yr (1930-1982). Data from nonsubsiding tidal gages along the Florida Gulf Coast are used to define a 2.2 mm/yr baseline rate of eustatic rise within the Gulf of Mexico. Land-surface subsidence accounts for the residual 4.7 and 5.4 mm/yr. Land-surface subsidence within the study area is the result of undifferentiated natural consolidation of clay-rich sediments and regional subsurface depressurization caused by production of oil and gas. Groundwater pumpage is minimal within the area and is not considered a cause of subsidence, although large-scale pumping in the metropolitan Houston area has probably caused subsidence along the eastern shore of Trinity Bay. The baseline scenario assumes a constant rate of RSL rise, resulting in a rise of 0.45-0.49 m by 2050. At 2050, RSL rises of 0.66-0.70 min the low-rise scenario and 0.88-0.92 m in the high-rise scenario are predicted by combining low- and high-rise estimates of eustatic rise developed from a synthesis of nine recently published projections with a constant baseline rate of subsidence. The multiplicative factors of approximately 1.5 for the low-rise and 2.0 for the high-rise scenario are calculated from the ratios of projected RSL rise to baseline RSL rise at 2050. These factors are integrated into the baseline relation between RSL rise and shoreline movement to estimate shoreline displacement and subsequent loss of land by 2050 in each of the 10 shoreline segments. The estimated net change of land area by 2050 for the entire study area coastline is -17.2 km2 (4248 acres) in the baseline scenario, -25.2 km2 (6224 acres) in the low-rise scenario, and -33.8 km2 (8349 acres) in the high-rise scenario. Shoreline retreat and land loss scenarios developed in this study represent conservative estimates. Recent rates of relative sea-level rise (between 1958 and the mid-1980s) at Pier 21 and at Sabine Pass exceed 11 mm/yr, 50-60% higher than the calculated long-term rates of 6.9 and 7.6 mm/yr, used as the baseline for this analysis. Therefore projected RSL rise by 2050 are conservative and may underestimate shoreline displacement and coastal land loss. These projections should be considered in the future development of and use of the Texas Coast.
Through her dreams and visions and those of a few friends, Author Kathryn Hilton reveals the lost Continent of Atlantis and other major earth changes that will occur in the future. Mostly about the U.S.A., there is information about a few other places on the planet. Mt. Fujiyama explodes, destroying the island of Japan, setting up a chain of reactions around the Pacific. At end of the chain, Mt. McKinley erupts in Alaska, causing a tidal wave that will submerge the state of California and part of neighboring states. In Europe the submerged city of Athenai surfaces in the Mediteranean Sea as the coastline of Greece dramatically increases in size. As the Sea becomes smaller, other areas of land will rise. The island of Atlantis, landlocked for centuries, appears as half of South Carolina and part of North Carolina become submerged. A tidal wave hits New York City, flooding Times Square and most of Manhattan. Seattle is destroyed by a large earthquake and rebuilt. From the East Coast to the West Coast, many states are covered to give an overall view of what will happen to the United States. With the Moon changing position, a planetary quake, and rotation of the planet temporarily stopping, creating darkness over half the Earth, this book gives a comprehensive look at the future of our world. After these disasters have ended, there will be no more for 700 years.
A must-read for Gulf Coast scientists, naturalists, and residents . . . From Florida to Mexico and along the shores of Cuba, the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico are vulnerable to sea-level rise because of their fragile and low-lying shorelines and adjacent coastal environments. In addition to wetlands, river deltas, beaches, and barrier islands, millions of people who live and work along the Gulf coast are susceptible to the affects of both intense storms in the short term and a gradual rise in sea level over the longer term. While global warming headlines any current discussion of this topic and is certainly a major factor in sea-level change, it is not the only factor. Earthquakes and other crustal shifts, the El Niño/La Niña phenomena, river impoundment and sedimentation, tides, and weather can all affect local, regional, and global sea levels. In Sea-Level Change in the Gulf of Mexico, Richard A. Davis Jr. looks at the various causes and effects of rising and falling sea levels in the Gulf of Mexico, beginning with the Gulf’s geological birth over 100 million years ago, and focusing on the last 20,000 years, when global sea levels began rising as the glaciers of the last major ice age melted. Davis reviews the current situation, especially regarding beach erosion and loss of wetlands, and offers a preview of the future, when the Gulf Coast will change markedly as the twenty-first century progresses. Amply illustrated and written in a clear, straightforward style, Sea-Level Change in the Gulf of Mexico is a valuable resource for anyone who cares deeply about understanding the past, present, and future of life along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.