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Looks at the history of the theories of taxation by studying taxes on agricultural land, real estate taxes, and mortgage taxes. Also studies many theories on taxes from Capitalization theory, Eclectic theory, and Agnostic theories, among others.
The land value tax is the focus of this Policy Focus Report, Assessing the Theory and Practice of Land Value Taxation. A concept dating back to Henry George, the land value tax is a variant of the property tax that imposes a higher tax rate on land than on improvements, or taxes only the land value. Many other types of changes in property tax policy, such as assessment freezes or limitations, have undesirable side effects, including unequal treatment of similarly situated taxpayers and distortion of economic incentives. The land value tax can enhance both the fairness and the efficiency of property tax collection, with few undesirable effects; land is effectively in fixed supply, so an increase in the tax rate on land value will raise revenue without distorting the incentives for owners to invest in and use their land. A land value tax has also been seen as a way to combat urban sprawl by encouraging density and infill development. Authors Richard F. Dye and Richard W. England examine the experience of those who have implemented the land value tax -- more than 30 countries around the world, and in the United States, several municipalities dating back to 1913, when the Pennsylvania legislature permitted Pittsburgh and Scranton to tax land values at a higher rate than building values. A 1951 statute gave smaller Pennsylvania cities the same option to enact a two-rate property tax, a variation of the land value tax. About 15 communities currently use this type of tax program, while others tried and rescinded it. Hawaii also has experience with two-rate taxation, and Virginia and Connecticut have authorized municipalities to choose a two-rate property tax. The land value tax has been subjected to studies comparing jurisdictions with and without it, and to legal challenges. A land value tax also raises administrative issues, particularly in the area of property tax assessments. Land value taxation is an attractive alternative to the traditional property tax, especially to much more problematic types of property tax measures such as assessment limitations, the authors conclude. A land value tax is best implemented if local officials use best assessing practices to keep land and improvement values up to date; phase in dual tax rates over several years; and include a tax credit feature in those communities where land-rich but income-poor citizens might suffer from land value taxation.
"Provides historical, economic, political and legal perspectives for understanding the many issues surrounding land taxation." - cover.
Excerpt from On the Shifting and Incidence of TaxationFinally, we must not confound the incidence of taxation with the effect of taxation. A tax may have a great many effects. It may diminish indus try and impoverish individuals; it may in some cases stimulate production and enrich individuals; it may be an unmitigated curse to society; it may be a nec essary evil; it may be an unqualified boon to the community regarded as a whole. With none of these problems does the study Of incidence busy itself. All that we have to investigate is: On whom does the tax ultimately fall? When we once know this we can then proceed to the further discussion of the effects produced on the various classes or individuals by the pressure of taxation. The problem of incidence con cerns itself simply with the one question of fact, who really pays the tax? It does not pretend to unravel the final consequences of taxation. The Shifting is the process; the incidence is the result; the changes in the distribution Of wealth are the effect.The discussion of incidence thus depends entirely On the investigation of the Shiftings of taxation. The real problem before us is to ascertain the condition according to which a tax is Shifted onwards, back wards or not at all. Only when we understand why and how a tax is shifted, can we discover its actual incidence.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.