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In the quest to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of water and wastewater services, many communities in the United States are exploring the potential advantages of privatization of those services. Unlike other utility services, local governments have generally assumed responsibility for providing water services. Privatization of such services can include the outright sale of system assets, or various forms of public-private partnershipsâ€"from the simple provision of supplies and services, to private design construction and operation of treatment plants and distribution systems. Many factors are contributing to the growing interest in the privatization of water services. Higher operating costs, more stringent federal water quality and waste effluent standards, greater customer demands for quality and reliability, and an aging water delivery and wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure are all challenging municipalities that may be short of funds or technical capabilities. For municipalities with limited capacities to meet these challenges, privatization can be a viable alternative. Privatization of Water Services evaluates the fiscal and policy implications of privatization, scenarios in which privatization works best, and the efficiencies that may be gained by contracting with private water utilities.
The 1993 regulation (Part 503 Rule) governing the land application of biosolids was established to protect public health and the environment from reasonably anticipated adverse effects. Included in the regulation are chemical pollutant limits, operational standards designed to reduce pathogens and the attraction of disease vectors, and management practices. This report from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology evaluates the technical methods and approaches used by EPA to establish those standards and practices, focusing specifically on human health protection. The report examines improvements in risk-assessment practices and advances in the scientific database since promulgation of the regulation, and makes recommendations for addressing public health concerns, uncertainties, and data gaps about the technical basis of the biosolids standards.
Fifty years ago, as America sent men to the moon, thousands in southern Indiana relied on water supplies little changed from pioneer days?cisterns or shallow wells often poor in quality, high in sulfur, or otherwise contaminated. During droughts when tanks ran dry, and wells failed, water for drinking, cooking, and bathing was trucked from springs or nearby towns. For decades, local leaders struggled to quench their communities? thirst. In 1975, that all changed with the creation of the Patoka Lake Regional Water and Sewer District which provides drinking water to thirty-three water utilities and thousands of residential and commercial customers scattered across eleven counties in southwestern Indiana?an area that uniquely lacked readily available water. A new generation has grown accustomed to a ready supply of clean water. In Those Kids Deserve Water Too, author David L. Dahl tells how the district changed life for thousands of Hoosiers.
Provides practical information about the design and installation of ductile iron pressure piping systems for water utilities. The 12 chapters outlines the procedure for calculating pipe wall thickness and class, and describes the types of joints, fittings, valves, linings, and corrosion protection a