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This paper attempts to analyze the magnitude of the setback in capital accumulation in Eastern and Southern Africa and the proximate causes of this phenomenon. The sample consists of 16 countries and available data for the late 1960s and 1970s are explored. Given the weakness of the statistics, the authors rely more on expert observations than on rigorous quantitative assessments; available data are analyzed, however. Capital formation increased fairly rapidly during 1967-1974 but then slowed down considerably. Investment was financed to a considerable extent by external concession assistance; rapid growth in such funds during the late 1970s helped offset declining national savings rates to some extent. The setback in investment rates was greatly accentuated by a large and widespread deterioration in the productivity of capital brought about by the impact of government policy, strained absorptive capacity and a variety of exogenous factors.
The purpose of this paper is to reaffirm certain notions that have provided the foundations of development economics, but which now are coming increasingly under attack: that growth in such pacesetters as the Republic of Korea, Japan and Brazil has principally arisen from capital accumulation; and that investment during the important initial phase of their industrialization was often only distantly related to market forces. The discussion is opened with a brief description of the turmoil sweeping economics and specifically, development economics. Drawing upon this, the paper discusses models derived from the neoclassical paradigm, and compares and contrasts this paradigm of development with the experience of Latin American countries and Japan. In this context, the paper moves to two more eclectic models which are very much in the spirit of development economics. One is the so-called bureaucratic authoritarian model, and the other, a model of Japanese development. In the final section, the study narrows our focus to Korea and show how these models can illuminate Korea's investment policies during the sixties and the seventies. The paper concludes that a simple neoclassical paradigm is not sufficient to explain Korea's successful economic development.
This paper provides a theoretical framework to understand the way in which exchange controls modify the behavior of the different agents in the economy, leading to the creation of a parallel market economy. It gives the necessary theoretical elements to analyze this parallel market economy and provides a simple methodology to obtain relevant quantitative information about it. Finally, the paper elaborates on some of the policy implications of the existence of a parallel market economy. The model developed shows that the parallel market activities can be explained through the optimizing behavior of exporters and importers, which determines the amount of import and export smuggling, the level of the rent-seeking activity, and the black market exchange rate that is consistent with an equilibrium position where no one has any more incentives to move from their attained position. A method to detect the presence, and assess the magnitude of the parallel market economy, as well as to explain its behavior quantitatively, is then developed and applied to the case of Ghana.
This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1986.
Results of a research project on "Trade and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa", organized by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Centre for Economic Policy Research and the Commonwealth Secretariat. Papers focus on export performance, the international trade system and the effects of various policies.