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Un análisis no lineal es aquel que considera el comportamiento tenso-deformacional de los materiales y la no linealidad geométrica, descartando de manera directa el principio de superposición. En las estructuras de hormigón, el comportamiento elástico-lineal difiere en gran medida del observado experimentalmente, especialmente cuando éstas se encuentran bajo niveles elevados de carga. Esto se debe a los fenómenos intrínsecos de los materiales que componen a estas estructuras (e.g. fisuración del hormigón, plastificación del acero, etc.) , su interacción y su proceso constructivo. Debido a la invalidez del principio de superposición, los formatos de seguridad aplicados en los análisis lineales, no pueden ser aplicados de forma directa en los no lineales. Esto ha incentivado el desarrollo de formatos de seguridad para ser aplicados tanto en el análisis, como en el diseño no lineal, promoviendo también el estudio de los parámetros que más afectan la respuesta ultima real de la estructura. En esta tesina tiene como objetivo principal desarrollar una herramienta para el análisis de la fiabilidad de estructuras en régimen no lineal, la cual tenga la capacidad de adaptarse a cualquier modelo de análisis comercial que permita trabajar por línea de comandos. Esto se realizara con la combinación de un modelo de análisis que permita tener en cuenta tanto la no linealidad por el material como por la geometría, más un método simplificado de fiabilidad, el cual se centra en encontrar el índice de fiabilidad a través de una aproximación de primer orden de la ecuación de estado limite dada. Otro de los objetivos es estudiar la sensibilidad y seguridad en la respuesta última de las estructuras de hormigón que han sido diseñadas para trabajar en rango no lineal, identificando las variables más relevantes para la respuesta, esto a través del planteamiento de varios casos de estudio.
Volume 1 : The project - Introduction - Structures and contracts of the Jubilee Line Extension - Assessment methods used in design - The LINK-CMR research project - Geology and geotechnical properties - St James's and St James's Park: A brief history of their development - Westminster and Waterloo areas - The London Bridge station area - Bermondsey and Rotherhithe - Tunnelling methods - Protective measures - Finite element analysis of St Jame's Park greenfield site - Finite element analyses of ground movements from tunnelling below Southwark Park - Elizabeth House:Settlement predictions - Settlement predictions for Nepturne, Murdock, and Clegg Houses and adjacent masonry walls - JLE Construction works at London Bridge station - Some aspects of construction on JLE Contracts 105 and 106 - Measurement techniques and accuracy - Data handling and storage - Grouting intensities - Results of the research Volume 2: Case studies - This volume presents the twenty-seven case studies including internationally renowned buildings such as the Big Ben clock Tower, other high profile buildings such as the Treasury building, the Ritz Hotel and the RAC building, plus many commercial and residential properties which are typical of the building stock worldwide
The objectives of MC2010 are to (a) serve as a basis for future codes for concrete structures, and (b) present new developments with regard to concrete structures, structural materials and new ideas in order to achieve optimum behaviour. MC2010 includes the whole life cycle of a concrete structure, from design and construction to conservation (assessment, maintenance, strengthening) and dismantlement, in one code for buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures. Design is largely based on performance requirements. The chapter on materials is extended with new types of concrete and reinforcement (such as fibres and non-metallic reinforcements). The fib Model Code 2010 also gives corresponding explanations in a separate column of the document. Additionally, MC2010 is supported by background documents that have already been (or will soon be) published in fib bulletins and journal articles. MC2010 is now the most comprehensive code on concrete structures, including their complete life cycle: conceptual design, dimensioning, construction, conservation and dismantlement.
How do children construct, negotiate and organize space? The study of social space in any human group is fraught with limitations, and to these we must add the further limits involved in the study of childhood. Here specialists from archaeology, history, literature, architecture, didactics, museology and anthropology build a body of theoretical and methodological approaches about how space is articulated and organized around children and how this disposition affects the creation and maintenance of social identities. Children are considered as the main actors in historic dynamics of social change, from prehistory to the present day. Notions on space, childhood and the construction of both the individual and the group identity of children are considered as a prelude to papers that focus on analyzing and identifying the spaces which contribute to the construction of children’s identity during their lives: the places they live, learn, socialize and play. A final section deals with these same aspects, but focuses on funerary contexts, in which children may lose their capacity to influence events, as it is adults who establish burial strategies and practices. In each case authors ask questions such as: how do adults construct spaces for children? How do children manage their own spaces? How do people (adults and children) build (invisible and/or physical) boundaries and spaces?