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The properties of four hydride-forming materials have been investigated to determine their applicability for use in a process to separate hydrogen isotopes from inerts. These materials are Zr{sub 0.8}Ti{sub 0.2}Ni, Zr{sub 0.65}Ti{sub 0.35}Co, NdCo3, and ErFe2. The properties investigated while surveying these materials include ease of activation, isotherm characteristics, kinetics, cycling stability, and oxygen stability. The results of the survey indicate NdCo3 to be the hydride former of choice for use in the inert separation process. It is the most easily activated and has the most favorable isotherm characteristics (the largest usable capacity, flat plateaux, small hysteresis, and negligible heel) as well as the fastest absorption kinetics of the materials tested. NdCo3 also has good cycling and oxygen stability. As with most intermetallic alloys NdCo3 decrepitates into a fine powder after only a few sorption cycles in hydrogen and therefore must be consolidated in order to be used in the fixed-bed absorber envisioned for the inert separation process. Consolidation was achieved through support of the NdCo3 in a sinter-bonded aluminum matrix. Stable compacts of NdCo3 have been made consisting of 40 wt % Al in NdCo3 pellets, pressed at 27 kpsi, sintered under vacuum for 2 hr at 450°C. These compacts retained the full absorptive capacity of NdCo3 and remained 99 wt % intact after 15 sorption cycles in protium. 16 refs., 9 figs.
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It is well known that the density of molecular hydrogen can be increased by compression and/or cooling, the ultimate limit in density being that of liquid hydrogen. It is less well known that hydrogen densities of twice that of liquid hydrogen can be obtained by intercalating hydrogen gas into metals. The explanation of this unusual paradox is that the absorption of molecular hydrogen, which in TiFe and LaNis is reversible and occurs at ambient temperature and pressure, involves the formation of hydrogen atoms at the surface of a metal. The adsorbed hydrogen atom then donates its electron to the metal conduction band and migrates into the metal as the much smaller proton. These protons are easily accomodated in interstitial sites in the metal lattice, and the resulting metal hydrides can be thought of as compounds formed by the reaction of hydrogen with metals, alloys, and intermetallic compounds. The practical applications of metal hydrides span a wide range of technologies, a range which may be subdivided on the basis of the hydride property on which the application is based. The capacity of the metal hydrides for hydrogen absorption is the basis for batteries as well as for hydrogen storage, gettering, and purification. The temperature-pressure characteristics of metal hydrides are the basis for hydrogen compressors, sensors, and actuators. The latent heat of the hydride formation is the basis for heat storage, heat pumps, and refrigerators.
Ames Laboratory, Iowa, USA
In the near future the world will need to convert to a suitable, clean energy supply: one that will meet the demands of an increasing population while giving few environmental problems. One such possible supply is hydrogen. Hydrogen Energy System describes the present status of hydrogen as an energy supply, as well as its prospect in the years to come. It covers the transition to hydrogen-based, sustainable energy systems, the technology of hydrogen production, its storage and transport, and current and future hydrogen utilisation. Economic analyses of the hydrogen energy system, together with case studies, are also presented.