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Presents mathematical models for estimating and predicting sediment fluxes. * Models provide sufficient detail and data to enable scientists in the field to reproduce the computations and use the models for understanding their own data. * Provides computations directly applicable to developing modern water quality models. * All models have been calibrated and verified using three large data sets.
Iron and manganese were installed as state variables in a previously developed sediment diagenesis model. The comprehensive model now incorporates nutrients, oxygen and sulfide, and iron and manganese. The model was initially calibrated using long-term mesocosm data The mesocosms contained water and sediments removed from Narragansett Sound, an estuarine environment Validation of the model was conducted using in situ data from two freshwater systems, Onondaga Lake and Croton Reservoir.
The topic of sediment diagenesis is of fundamental importance to industry in the evaluation of hydrocarbon and water reservoir rocks. Detailed knowledge of the diagenetic textures, fabrics, and minerals, and a prediction of the regional diagenetic response, partly controls hydrocarbon recovery programmes. In other words, knowledge of the diagenesis can aid (or even control) conservation policy. Similarly, facies and diagenetic trends w.ithin basins can influence exploration policy. This volume incorporates the majority of the principal contributions given to the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in the University of Reading, U.K., from July 12th-25th, 1981, at which the major themes of carbonate and terrigenous clastic sediments were treated sequentially from deposition to deep burial. Eighty selected scientists from twelve NATO and three other countries participated in the Institute. The keynote addresses which acted as the touchstones for discussion are presented here in the expectation that they will stimulate a still wider audience. We gratefully acknowledge the award of a grant from the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO to run the Institute, and also the cooperation of the University of Reading. Mrs. D. M. Powell helped in many ways with the organisation, and also retyped the entire manuscript of this book. A. Parker B. lv. Sellwood vii FACIES, SEQUENCES AND SAND-BODIES OF THE PRINCIPAL CLASTIC DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS T.Elliott Department of Geology University College of Swansea Singleton Park, Swansea SA 2 8PP Wales, U.K.
The present thesis deals with the modeling and numerical simulation of complex geophysical flows. Two processes are studied: sediment transport, and variable density flows. For both flows, the approach is the same. In each case, a reduced vertically-averaged model is derived from the 3D Navier-Stokes equations by making a specific asymptotic analysis. The models verify stability properties. Attention is paid to preserving these properties at the discrete level, in particular the entropy stability. The behavior of both models is illustrated numerically. Concerning the sediment transport model, the sediment layer is first studied alone. Then, a coupled sediment-water model is presented and simulated. The influence of a viscosity term in the model for the sediment layer is investigated. Due to this viscosity term, the sediment flux is non-local. A transport threshold is added to the model. The water layer is modeled by the Shallow Water equations. Adding some non-locality to the model allows to simulate dune growth and propagation. In the variable density flow model, the density is a function of one or several tracers such as temperature and salinity. The model derivation consists in removing the dependence of the density on the pressure. A layer-averaged formulation of the model is proposed, which is subsequently used to propose a numerical discretization. The numerical simulations emphasize the differences between this model and a model relying on the classical Boussinesq approximation.
Fine Sediment in Open Water is mainly written for professional engineers working in estuaries and coastal systems. It provides the basis for a fundamental understanding of the physical, biological and chemical processes governing the transport and fate of fine sediment in open water and explains how this understanding can steer engineering studies with numerical models. This is a unique treatment of processes at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, from the micro-scale (colloid scale) to system-wide scales, and from intra-tidal time periods to decades.Beginning with the processes governing the transport and fate of fine sediment in shallow open water, the first eight chapters are dedicated to the hydrodynamic, soil mechanics and biological processes which determine fine sediment concentrations in the water column, in/on the bed and the exchange of sediment between bed and water column. The next two chapters treat the net fluxes of fine sediment as a function of asymmetries in forcing and sediment properties. These fundamental processes form the basis for the subsequent chapters on modeling in which the governing equations are presented, and tools are provided to aggregate and parameterize the various processes elaborated in the first eight chapters. Further, any numerical model study should be based on a conceptual model, as illustrated in the final five chapters, which provide examples of numerical modeling studies on the transport and fate of fine sediment in a coastal sea, an estuary, a tidal river, a lake, and around and within a harbor basin.Related Link(s)
Bedload flux is an important component of the total fluvial sediment flux. Bedload dynamics can have a substantial effect on rivers and coastal morphology, infrastructure sustainability, aquatic ecology and water availability. Bedload measurements, especially for large rivers, are extremely scarce worldwide, where most global rivers have never been monitored. The paucity of bedload measurements is the result of 1) the nature of the problem (large spatial and temporal uncertainties), and 2) high costs due to the time-consuming nature of the measurement procedures (repeated bedform migration tracking, bedload samplers). Numerical models can help fill measurement gaps and provide a framework for predictions and hypothesis testing. Here, I present a first of its kind global bedload flux model using simplified Bagnold Equation, which considers only two dynamic (discharge and river slope) parameters along with few constant parameters (e.g., gravity, sediment density). Evaluation of model has been done based on observations for 59 river locations, mostly in the U.S. The model parameters, as well as other influential fluvial and basin parameters (e.g., discharge, drainage area, lithology), were evaluated against observed bedload to find their potential influence on bedload prediction. Considering the simplicity in the parameters needed to predict bedload flux through this model, and the capabilities to give first order estimation the model is helpful to give the large-scale overview of dynamic bedload flux universally. Also, the longitudinal dynamics between suspended and bedload sediment fluxes are mapped in three large rivers.
This dissertation, "Sediment Nutrient Flux for a Pulsed Organic Load: Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Verfication" by Yuexing, Wang, 王越興, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. DOI: 10.5353/th_b4098782 Subjects: Marine sediments - Mathematical models Water - Nitrogen content - Measurement Water - Dissolved oxygen - Measurement Diagenesis
Climate and anthropogenic changes impact the conditions of erosion and sediment transport in rivers. Rainfall variability and, in many places, the increase of rainfall intensity have a direct impact on rainfall erosivity. Increasing changes in demography have led to the acceleration of land cover changes in natural areas, as well as in cultivated areas, and, sometimes, in degraded areas and desertified landscapes. These anthropogenized landscapes are more sensitive to erosion. On the other hand, the increase in the number of dams in watersheds traps a great portion of sediment fluxes, which do not reach the sea in the same amount, nor at the same quality, with consequences on coastal geomorphodynamics. This book is dedicated to studies on sediment fluxes from continental areas to coastal areas, as well as observation, modeling, and impact analysis at different scales from watershed slopes to the outputs of large river basins. This book is concentrated on a number of keywords: “erosion” and “sediment transport”, “model” and “practice”, and “change”. The keywords are briefly discussed with respect to the relevant literature. The contributions in this book address observations and models based on laboratory and field data, allowing researchers to make use of such resources in practice under changing conditions.