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Most dialogues are multimodal. When people talk, they use not only their voices, but also facial expressions and other gestures, and perhaps even touch. When computers communicate with people, they use pictures and perhaps sounds, together with textual language, and when people communicate with computers, they are likely to use mouse gestures almost as much as words. How are such multimodal dialogues constructed? This is the main question addressed in this selection of papers of the second Venaco Workshop, sponsored by the NATO Research Study Group RSG-10 on Automatic Speech Processing, and by the European Speech Communication Association (ESCA).
Editor's Introduction.- Dialogue Constraints in Instruction.- Asymmetry & Accommodation in Tutorial Dialogues.- Negotiation in Collaborative Problem-Solving Dialogues.- Using Rhetorical Relations in Building a Coherent Conversational Teaching Session.- Graphics & Natural Language in Design & Instruction.- Simulator-Based Training-Support Tools for Process-Control Operators.- Designing Newton's Laws: Patterns of Social & Representational Feedback in a Learning Task.- Learning by Explaining: Fostering Collaborative Progressive Discourse in Science.- Tools for Collaborative Learning in Optics.- Deciding What to Say: An Agent-Theoretic Approach to Tutorial Dialogue.- Feedback in Computer-Assisted Instruction: Complexity & Corrective Efficiency.- Relying on a Sophisticated Student Model to Derive Dialogue Strategies in an Intelligent Tutoring System.- Dialogue Control Functions & Interaction Design.- The Role of Feedback in a Layered Model of Communication.- Communicative Action & Feedback.- >Reasons for Management in Spoken Dialogue.- Context Change & Communicative Feedback.- The Design of Interacting Agents.- Method for Dialogue Protocol Analysis.- Natural Dialogue in Modes other than Natural Language.- Coherence & Portrayal in Human-Computer Interface Design.- Feedback Issues in Consumer Appliances.- Advertisements, Proxies, & Wear: Three Methods for Feedback in Interactive Systems.- Author Index.
Foreword Looking back the past 30 years. we have seen steady progress made in the area of speech science and technology. I still remember the excitement in the late seventies when Texas Instruments came up with a toy named "Speak-and-Spell" which was based on a VLSI chip containing the state-of-the-art linear prediction synthesizer. This caused a speech technology fever among the electronics industry. Particularly. applications of automatic speech recognition were rigorously attempt ed by many companies. some of which were start-ups founded just for this purpose. Unfortunately. it did not take long before they realized that automatic speech rec ognition technology was not mature enough to satisfy the need of customers. The fever gradually faded away. In the meantime. constant efforts have been made by many researchers and engi neers to improve the automatic speech recognition technology. Hardware capabilities have advanced impressively since that time. In the past few years. we have been witnessing and experiencing the advent of the "Information Revolution." What might be called the second surge of interest to com mercialize speech technology as a natural interface for man-machine communication began in much better shape than the first one. With computers much more powerful and faster. many applications look realistic this time. However. there are still tremendous practical issues to be overcome in order for speech to be truly the most natural interface between humans and machines.
Speech and Human-Machine Dialog focuses on the dialog management component of a spoken language dialog system. Spoken language dialog systems provide a natural interface between humans and computers. These systems are of special interest for interactive applications, and they integrate several technologies including speech recognition, natural language understanding, dialog management and speech synthesis. Due to the conjunction of several factors throughout the past few years, humans are significantly changing their behavior vis-à-vis machines. In particular, the use of speech technologies will become normal in the professional domain, and in everyday life. The performance of speech recognition components has also significantly improved. This book includes various examples that illustrate the different functionalities of the dialog model in a representative application for train travel information retrieval (train time tables, prices and ticket reservation). Speech and Human-Machine Dialog is designed for a professional audience, composed of researchers and practitioners in industry. This book is also suitable as a secondary text for graduate-level students in computer science and engineering.
Multimodal interface systems make it possible to interact with computers using speech and hearing, touch and gesture. The role of vision in human computer interaction could therefore be brought back to its natural place in communication. In many applications, non-visual presentation methods could be used efficiently to provide more natural human-computer interfaces. This evolution is of particular relevance for the visually handicapped. The purpose of this book is to provide a complete understanding of state-of-the-art research in non-visual human-computer interaction. The book is aimed at all researchers and developers interested in improving the accessibility of software applications, especially for people with disabilities.
The purpose of the volume is to open up new perspectives in the study of literacy by bringing together current research findings from linguistics, psychology, sociology and anthropology. The book divides into five parts. The first part deals with theoretical questions related to the definition and the modeling of the construct of functional literacy. The second part goes into the notion of literacy development. Both societal and individual aspects of literacy development are taken into account. In the next two parts the actual achievement of literacy in various regions of the world is dealt with. In part 3 the focus is on attaining literacy in developing societies, and in part 4 on attaining literacy in industrialized societies. In the final part the question is raised how functional literacy can be promoted through education. Starting from a cross-cultural perspective the central issue is how standards of functional literacy can be established throughout the world.
Although there has been much progress in developing theories, models and systems in the areas of natural language processing (NLP) and vision processing (VP), there has hitherto been little progress in integrating these two subareas of artificial intelligence. The papers in Integration of Natural Language and Vision Processing focus on site descriptions, such as the work at Apple Computer, California, and the DFKI, Saarbrücken, on historical surveys and philosophical issues, on systems that have been built, enabling communication through text, speech, sound, touch, video, graphics and icons, and on the automatic presentation of information, whether it be in the form of instruction manuals, statistical data or visualisation of language. There is also a review of Mark Maybury's book Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces. Audience: Vital reading for all interested in the SuperInformationHighways of the future.
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the conversational interface, which is becoming the main mode of interaction with virtual personal assistants, smart devices, various types of wearable, and social robots. The book consists of four parts. Part I presents the background to conversational interfaces, examining past and present work on spoken language interaction with computers. Part II covers the various technologies that are required to build a conversational interface along with practical chapters and exercises using open source tools. Part III looks at interactions with smart devices, wearables, and robots, and discusses the role of emotion and personality in the conversational interface. Part IV examines methods for evaluating conversational interfaces and discusses future directions.
This title delves into the world of pragmatics; of abduction and induction, and looks at topics such as context modelling, and an activity-based approach to pragmatics, as well as discourse focus tracking.