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Notwithstanding the fact that among the parliaments of the world, 38 per cent have Second Chambers (67 out of 179), Second Chambers themselves have only rarely been the focus of attention from politicians and have almost totally been ignored by academics. This work sets about examining them.
This white paper sets out the Government's proposals for a reformed second chamber. It stems from the constructive discussions in a Cross-Party Group on House of Lords Reform, which followed the March 2007 Parliamentary votes on the proposals contained in the February 2007 white paper ("The House of Lords: reform", Cm. 7027, ISBN 9780101702720). The Group reached consensus on a number of key issues, and this paper states where agreement was not reached. The white paper sets the context for decisions on House of Lords reforms and goes on to consider issues around, and options for, electoral systems. The effect of different electoral systems is examined against two scenarios: that the House is either 100 per cent or 80 per cent elected. The paper then looks at the powers of the second chamber. It suggests possible arrangements for any appointed elements, but there are no concrete proposals yet. Finally the white paper addresses other issues around the operation of a reformed second chamber and explores transitional arrangements.
Authoritative guide presents 231 of the most frequently performed pieces by 55 composers. A must for music lovers and musicians alike. "No lover of chamber music should be without this Guide." — John Barkham Reviews.
About parliaments in various countries during the early 20th century.
By whatever name they are known (Parliaments, Legislatures, or Assemblies, to name but three) legislative assemblies in democratic societies face the twin challenges of institutional capacity and accountability to their citizens. In addressing these challenges, assemblies vary in the extent to which they serve the respective interests of three critical sets of actors: their members, party leaders, and voters. In this book, Shane Martin and Kaare W. Strøm identify three ideal types of democratic assemblies - the members' assembly, the leaders' assembly, and the voters' assembly - and analyze national legislative assemblies in the world's 68 most populous democracies, from Finland to Papua New Guinea, in light of these models. Based on extensive new cross-national data, they trace the implications of the three assembly types for the design, internal organization, resources, and powers of democratic national assemblies, develop indices of each assembly type, and score each of the 68 legislative assemblies on these indices. The analysis of legislative re-election rates in these countries reveals that the fate of incumbents depends on member resources as well as on leadership control, but is ultimately constrained by voter confidence. In conclusion, the authors discuss the past and future trajectories of legislative assemblies, including their susceptibility to democratic backsliding.