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Screening is the routine testing of populations to identify individuals who may have a particular medical condition or disease. It is carried out by both government and private organisations with the aims of: better prognosis/outcome for individuals; to protect society from contagious disease; to allow rational allocation of resources; to allow selection of healthy individuals; and for research purposes. About £500 million is spent on screening each year in Britain alone, and it is an issue that has relevance in health systems and for the general public and media. For many years, screening was practised without debate, but in the 1960s serious challenges were raised about standard screening procedures. Benefits of screening must be judged against negative side-effects, and concern was raised about potential and actual harm arising when people without a health problem received dangerous and unnecessary investigations and treatments as a result of 'routine' screening tests. Controversy raged and only now 50 years later, is there widespread recognition that quality assured service delivery and proper consumer information are essential. In addition to debate over health risks, the cost-effectiveness of such results also has to be considered, making this a highly contested issue. This book serves as a non-technical, introductory guide to all aspects of screening. The first section deals with concepts, methodology and evidence, explaining what screening is and how to evaluate it. The second section describes practical management, for example how to make policy and how to deliver it to a high quality. It includes many examples and case histories, a glossary to make medical terms accessible to the non-medic, and each chapter concludes with a summary and self-test questions. Although reference is made to the UK NHS, a world leader in screening, the book remains internationally relevant as the principles, knowledge and skills of screening are applicable in any setting. The controversies, paradoxes, uncertainties and ethical dilemmas of screening are explained in a balanced way. Muir Gray and Angela Raffle have been at the forefront of achieving improvements in screening over recent years, and they bring their wealth of experience to this essential text.
This book addresses new technologies being considered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for screening airport passengers for concealed weapons and explosives. The FAA is supporting the development of promising new technologies that can reveal the presence not only of metal-based weapons as with current screening technologies, but also detect plastic explosives and other non-metallic threat materials and objects, and is concerned that these new technologies may not be appropriate for use in airports for other than technical reasons. This book presents discussion of the health, legal, and public acceptance issues that are likely to be raised regarding implementation of improvements in the current electromagnetic screening technologies, implementation of screening systems that detect traces of explosive materials on passengers, and implementation of systems that generate images of passengers beneath their clothes for analysis by human screeners.
Learn the compelling reasons for pre-exercise screening and how to easily apply effective screening guidelines in your program. The Pre-Exercise Health Screening Guide provides detailed explanations of common risk factors and how they are addressed by the current ACSM screening system. The publication takes you through each step of the screening process, explaining the rationale underlying each stage of effective pre-exercise screening. You'll also learn how to identify clients who have medical conditions that increase risk during exercise or exercise testing. The Pre-Exercise Health Screening Guide features useful reference and professional tools including: - Sample letters and reports, making it easy to share information with clients, testing facilities, and physicians - A comprehensive pre-exercise screening questionnaire - Practice exercises offering an effective method to hone your skills in applying the ACSM screening system - A pharmacopoeia identifying the common actions of over-the- counter and frequently prescribed drugs that may affect pre- exercise screening decisions The Pre-Exercise Health Screening Guide will ensure efficient and effective pre-exercise screening by clarifying the process for you. You'll know when referrals for additional assessments are warranted, improving the quality of services you offer and decreasing your risk for liability. The guide was developed by Tim Olds, PhD, and Kevin Norton, PhD, of the University of South Australia, creators of HealthScreen. There's no better way to quickly learn the reasons for pre-exercise screening and how to apply them than with this valuable reference.
The security of the U.S. commercial aviation system has been a growing concern since the 1970's when the hijacking of aircraft became a serious problem. Over that period, federal aviation officials have been searching for more effective ways for non-invasive screening of passengers, luggage, and cargo to detect concealed explosives and weapons. To assist in this effort, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) asked the NRC for a study of emerging screening technologies. This book - the fourth of four - focuses on data fusion as a means to significantly improve the ability of the existing suite of airport detection systems and access control systems to detect and prevent attacks. The book presents a discussion of the data fusion, an analysis of current data fusion efforts, and an assessment of data fusion opportunities for various airport security activities.
"Blood transfusion is a life-saving intervention that has an essential role in patient management within health care systems. All Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed World Health Assembly resolutions WHA28.72 (1) in 1975 and WHA58.13 (2) in 2005. These commit them to the provision of adequate supplies of safe blood and blood products that are accessible to all patients who require transfusion either to save their lives or promote their continuing or improving health." --Preface.
The authors show how systematic screenings of behavior--used in conjunction with academic data--can enhance teachers' ability to teach and support all students within a response-to-intervention framework. Chapters review reliable, valid screening measures for all grade levels, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and explain how to administer, score, and interpret them. --from publisher description