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The Earth’s atmosphere contains a layer of plasma created primarily by photo-ionization of neutral species between 80 km and 1,000 km called the ionosphere. There are many complex processes near the equator where the Earth’s magnetic field is approximately horizontal. In this region large scale irregularities, sometimes referred to as equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), in the plasma density occur. Data recorded by the Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) as part of the Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) aboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite are used to study EPBs during nightside local times at altitudes from 350 to 850 km. The data are taken during the seven years from 2008 to 2014, more than one half of a magnetic solar cycle, that include a deep solar minimum and a moderate solar maximum. EPB data are divided into four longitude sectors and two local time regions to determine seasonal and solar cycle variability. During solar minimum EPBs occur late in local time, primarily after midnight in all longitude sectors. Conversely, by the solar moderate conditions of 2014, EPB occurrence after midnight diminishes in all seasons and longitude sectors with the exception of the sector extending from 15 ̊ to 60 ̊. An examination of the widths of bubbles indicates that all longitudes show similar distributions between 115 km and 460 km with a prominent peak near 200 km during all levels of solar activity. This suggests that seeding conditions are independent of solar activity. Among these widths is a distinct width that belongs to discrete individual bubbles with no substructure. We suggest that many bubbles are actually combinations of these individual bubbles; however, in the later phase of the mission there is a population of bubbles that do not conform to this description, perhaps due to the influence of large-scale plasma motions affecting the background density in which they are embedded. Each EPB has a depth measured as the percent change between the background and minimum density (∆N/N). During solar moderate activity bubbles observed in the topside postsunset sector are more likely to have large depths compared to those observed in the topside postmidnight sector. Large bubble depths can be observed near 350 km in the bottomside F region in the postsunset period. Conversely at solar minimum the distribution of depths is similar in the postsunset and postmidnight sectors in all longitude sectors. Deep bubbles are rarely observed in the topside postsunset sector and never in the bottomside above 400 km in altitude. We suggest that these features result from the vertical drift of the plasma for these two solar activity levels. These drift conditions affect both the background density in which bubbles are embedded and the growth rate of perturbations in the bottomside where bubbles originate.
A comprehensive review of global ionospheric research from the polar caps to equatorial regions It's more than a century since scientists first identified the ionosphere, the layer of the Earth’s upper atmosphere that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation. Our understanding of this dynamic part of the near-Earth space environment has greatly advanced in recent years thanks to new observational technologies, improved numerical models, and powerful computing capabilities. Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of historic developments, recent advances, and future directions in ionospheric research. Volume highlights include: Behavior of the ionosphere in different regions from the poles to the equator Distinct characteristics of the high-, mid-, and low-latitude ionosphere Observational results from ground- and space-based instruments Ionospheric impacts on radio signals and satellite operations How earthquakes and tsunamis on Earth cause disturbances in the ionosphere The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief
This book is a multi-author treatise on the most outstanding research problems in the field of the aeronomy of the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere, encompassing the science covered by Division II of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). It contains several review articles and detailed papers by leading scientists in the field. The book is organized in five parts: 1) Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Dynamics and Chemistry; 2) Vertical Coupling by Upward Propagating Waves; 3) Ionospheric Electrodynamics and Structuring; 4) Thermosphere- Ionosphere Coupling, Dynamics and Trends and 5) Ionosphere-Thermosphere Disturbances and Modeling. The book consolidates the progress achieved in the field in recent years and it serves as a useful reference for graduate students as well as experienced researchers.
This volume contains thirty-three papers selected from the COSPAR Colloquium on Low-Latitude Ionospheric Physics in which many new results of ground based observations, satellite observations and numerical simulations were presented. The equatorial ionosphere is especially interesting as there, the Earth's magnetic field is horizontal and the Coriolis force vanishes at the geographic equator, resulting in the occurrence of many fascinating phenomena. A considerable proportion of the papers discuss either large scale or small scale irregularities of the equatorial ionosphere. Details are also included on the new technique of ionospheric tomography, which will have applications extendable beyond the ionosphere in the future.
This monograph is the outcome of an American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference on longitude and hemispheric dependence of ionospheric space weather, including the impact of waves propagating from the lower atmosphere. The Chapman Conference was held in Africa as a means of focusing attention on an extensive geographic region where observations are critically needed to address some of the fundamental questions of the physical processes driving the ionosphere locally and globally. The compilation of papers from the conference describes the physics of this system and the mechanisms that control ionospheric space weather in a combination of tutorial-like and focused articles that will be of value to the upper atmosphere scientific community in general and to ongoing global magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere (MIT) modeling efforts in particular. A number of articles from each science theme describe details of the physics behind each phenomenon that help to solve the complexity of the MIT system. Because this volume is an outcome of the research presented at this first space science Chapman Conference held in Africa, it has further provided an opportunity for African scientists to communicate their research results with the international community. In addition, the meeting and this conference volume will greatly enhance the space science education and research interest in the African continent and around the world. Ionospheric Space Weather includes articles from six science themes that were discussed at the Chapman Conference in 2012. These include: Hemispherical dependence of magnetospheric energy injection and the thermosphere-ionosphere response Longitude and hemispheric dependence of storm-enhanced densities (SED) Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to variability in solar radiation Longitude spatial structure in total electron content and electrodynamics Temporal response to lower-atmosphere disturbances Ionospheric irregularities and scintillation Ionospheric Space Weather: Longitude Dependence and Lower Atmosphere Forcing will be useful to both active researchers and advanced graduate students in the field of physics, geophysics, and engineering, especially those who are keen to acquire a global understanding of ionospheric phenomena, including observational information from all longitude sectors across the globe.
This open access book provides a comprehensive toolbox of analysis techniques for ionospheric multi-satellite missions. The immediate need for this volume was motivated by the ongoing ESA Swarm satellite mission, but the tools that are described are general and can be used for any future ionospheric multi-satellite mission with comparable instrumentation. In addition to researching the immediate plasma environment and its coupling to other regions, such a mission aims to study the Earth’s main magnetic field and its anomalies caused by core, mantle, or crustal sources. The parameters for carrying out this kind of work are examined in these chapters. Besides currents, electric fields, and plasma convection, these parameters include ionospheric conductance, Joule heating, neutral gas densities, and neutral winds.
The S3-4 'in situ' satellite observations near the nighttime equator (2230 LT) have shown irregularity structures with depletions in plasma density up to 3 orders of magnitude and ranges in horizontal extent from less than 1 km to tens of kms. The holes have sharper gradients on the eastern boundary than across the western counterpart, and the power spectral indices in the irregularities lie between 1.9-2.5 in the intermediate wavelength domain. The east-west assymmetry of the depletions is also shown in the irregularity intensity and spectral strengths. The variations in density are more intense on the western wall of the holes suggesting a scintillation enhancement on the western boundary. In addition, the results of power spectral analyses support the role of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the generation of intermediate scale size irregularities during the occurrence of equatorial spread-F. (Author).
The Earth's Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics emphasizes the study of plasma physics and electrodynamics of the ionosphere, including many aeronomical influences. The ionosphere is somewhat of a battleground between the earth's neutral atmosphere and the sun's fully ionized atmosphere, in which the earth is embedded. One of the challenges of ionosphere research is to know enough about these two vast fields of research to make sense out of ionospheric phenomena. This book provides insights into how these competing sources of mass, momentum, and energy compete for control of the ionosphere. Some of the topics discussed include the fundamentals of ionospheric plasma dynamics; equatorial plasma instabilities; high-latitude electrodynamics; and instabilities and structure in the high-latitude ionosphere. Throughout this text only the region above 90 km are discussed, ignoring the D region entirely. This publication is a good source of information for students and individuals conducting research on earth's ionosphere.