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Text discusses earth's gravitational field; matrices and orbital geometry; satellite orbit dynamics; geometry of satellite observations; statistical implications; and data analysis.
This book covers the entire field of satellite geodesy and is intended to serve as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as a reference for professionals and scientists in the fields of engineering and geosciences such as geodesy, surveying engineering, geomatics, geography, navigation, geophysics and oceanography. The text provides a systematic overview of fundamentals including reference systems, time, signal propagation and satellite orbits, together with observation methods such as satellite laser ranging, satellite altimetry, gravity field missions, very long baseline interferometry, Doppler techniques, and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Particular emphasis is given to positioning techniques, such as the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS), and to applications. Numerous examples are included which refer to recent results in the fields of global and regional control networks; gravity field modeling; Earth rotation and global reference frames; crustal motion monitoring; cadastral and engineering surveying; geoinformation systems; land, air, and marine navigation; marine and glacial geodesy; and photogrammetry and remote sensing. This book will be an indispensable source of information for all concerned with satellite geodesy and its applications, in particular for spatial referencing, geoinformation, navigation, geodynamics, and operational positioning.
Various effects of the atmosphere have to be considered in space geodesy and all of them are described and treated consistently in this textbook. Two chapters are concerned with ionospheric and tropospheric path delays of microwave and optical signals used by space geodetic techniques, such as the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), or Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). It is explained how these effects are best reduced and modelled to improve the accuracy of space geodetic measurements. Other chapters are on the deformation of the Earth’s crust due to atmospheric loading, on atmospheric excitation of Earth rotation, and on atmospheric effects on gravity field measurements from special satellite missions such as CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE. All chapters have been written by staff members of the Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation at TU Wien who are experts in the particular fields.
Celestial mechanics aims to predict the motion of every real object in outer space, no matter what causes changes in its orbit. The motion of most planets and natural satellites can be successfully described by conservative celestial mechanics and problems can be studied within the formalism of Hamiltonian mechanics. The few exceptions which experience significant non-gravitational effects call for only very small corrections to the purely gravitational theory. All satellites experience non-gravitational perturbations to their orbits. However, factors such as the relatively high area-to-mass ratio of spacecraft compared with that of even a tiny asteroid significantly increase the relative effect of non-gravitational to gravitational forces on the orbits of artificial satellites. When the orbital tracking is carried out by very accurate techniques, the need arises to model, or at least to estimate, the effects of phenomena such as radiation pressure from solar light and from Earthshine or drag caused by neutral and charged particles. This book presents the basic ideas of the physics of the main non-gravitational perturbations and the mathematics of the methods required to compute their orbital effects. The authors convey to the reader the relevance of the different problems that need to be solved to achieve a given level of accuracy in the orbit determination and in the recovery of geophysically significant parameters. The book will enable readers to assess for themselves the possible geodetic uses of given space missions, or maybe to propose a new one, or to propose a combined geodetic use for a mission envisaged for other purposes. The Authors Andrea Milani is a mathematician, Anna Maria Nobili ad Paolo Farinella are physicists. They began working together in celestial mechanics and satellite geodesy in 1978, when they formed, with others, the Space Mechanics Group now based at the Department of Mathematics of the University of Pisa, Italy. By travelling to many research centres in Europe and in the USA, and by presenting several proposals for space-based experiments to the European Space Agency and to the Italian Space Program, they have learned how to assess the difficulty of an orbit determination and how often the problem is due to poor modelling of very-subtle non-gravitational effects, In this book they try to make their know-how available to others, as well as teaching some basic tools of celestial mechanics on the basis of their experience in basic research. A Milani and A M Nobili also work on the stability of the solar system, P Farinella also studies the dynamics and physics of the asteriod belt.
Geodesy is the science of accurately measuring and understanding three fundamental properties of Earth: its geometric shape, its orientation in space, and its gravity field, as well as the changes of these properties with time. Over the past half century, the United States, in cooperation with international partners, has led the development of geodetic techniques and instrumentation. Geodetic observing systems provide a significant benefit to society in a wide array of military, research, civil, and commercial areas, including sea level change monitoring, autonomous navigation, tighter low flying routes for strategic aircraft, precision agriculture, civil surveying, earthquake monitoring, forest structural mapping and biomass estimation, and improved floodplain mapping. Recognizing the growing reliance of a wide range of scientific and societal endeavors on infrastructure for precise geodesy, and recognizing geodetic infrastructure as a shared national resource, this book provides an independent assessment of the benefits provided by geodetic observations and networks, as well as a plan for the future development and support of the infrastructure needed to meet the demand for increasingly greater precision. Precise Geodetic Infrastructure makes a series of focused recommendations for upgrading and improving specific elements of the infrastructure, for enhancing the role of the United States in international geodetic services, for evaluating the requirements for a geodetic workforce for the coming decades, and for providing national coordination and advocacy for the various agencies and organizations that contribute to the geodetic infrastructure.
The contribution of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to the definition of the origin of the reference frame (geocenter coordinates), the global scale, and low degree coefficients of the Earth's gravity field is essential due to the remarkable orbit stability of geodetic satellites and the accuracy of laser observations at a level of a few millimeters. Considering these aspects, SLR has an exceptional potential in establishing global networks and deriving geodetic parameters of the supreme quality. SLR faces today the highest requirements of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) yielding 1 mm of long-term station coordinate and 0.1 mm/y of station velocity stability. The goal of this work is to assess the contribution of the latest models and corrections to the SLR-derived parameters, to enhance the quality and reliability of the SLR-derived products, and to propose a new approach of orbit parameterization for low orbiting geodetic satellites. The impact of orbit perturbations is studied in detail, including perturbing forces of gravitational origin (Earth's gravity field, ocean and atmosphere tides) and perturbing forces of non-gravitational origin (atmospheric drag, the Yarkovsky effect, albedo and Earth's infrared radiation pressure). A multi-satellite combined solution is obtained using SLR observations to LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, Starlette, Stella, and AJISAI. The quality of the SLR-derived parameters from the combined solution is compared with external solutions. The Earth rotation parameters are compared to the IERS-08-C04 series and the GNSS-derived series, whereas the time variable Earth's gravity field coefficients are compared to the CHAMP and GRACE-derived results.