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The purpose of this monograph is to provide participants in my various short courses with a brief statement of the material I cover in my lectures. In addition, key illustrations are reproduced for guidance. A brief bibliography of reference material is appended to each chapter. The bibliographic material includes those references that I consider critical to my remarks. No claim is made of topical or bibliographic completeness. This monograph also is intended as a brief summary of depositional processes, Holocene sediments, ancient counterparts of depositional environments, and examples of oil- and gas-bearing stratigraphic traps in five depositional environments. This summary is intended to complement lecture and reading courses dealing with sedimentology, depositional systems, sedimentary facies, sedimentary environments, sandstone diagenesis, and sedimentary modelling as a predictive tool for exploration. The student is cautioned, however, that this monograph is merely an introduction and summary overview of the subject. More complete treatments appear in standard textbooks. Sedimentology has changed and advanced over the past twenty-five years, in part because the American oil industry needed to make predictions about the occurrence of the harder-to-find stratigraphic traps. In addition, the development of plate-tectonic theory, and supportive data from the Deep Sea Drilling Project, have caused sedimentology to change from an essentially descriptive science to a mature, predictive science. The 1960s and 1970s in particular witnessed an explosion of new insights and understanding of how sediments are deposited, and how sedimentary rocks are formed.
The first edition appeared fourteen years ago. Since then there have been significant advances in our science that warrant an updating and revision of Sand and Sandstone. The main framework of the first edition has been retained so that the reader can begin with the mineralogy and textural properties of sands and sandstones, progress through their organization and classification and their study as a body of rock, to consideration of their origin-prove nance, transportation, deposition, and lithification-and finally to their place in the stratigraphic column and the basin. The last decade has seen the rise of facies analysis based on a closer look at the stratigraphic record and the recognition of characteristic bed ding sequences that are the signatures of some geologic process-such as a prograding shallow-water delta or the migration of a point bar on an alluvial floodplain. The environment of sand deposition is more closely determined by its place in such depositional systems than by criteria based on textural characteristics-the "fingerprint" approach. Our revi sion reflects this change in thinking. As in the geological sciences as a whole, the concept of plate tectonics has required a rethinking of our older ideas about the origin and accumu lation of sediments-especially the nature of the sedimentary basins.
This book presents a comprehensive assessment of clastic sedimentology and its application to reservoir geology. It covers the theoretical foundations of the topic and its use for scientists as well as professionals in the field. Further, it addresses all aspects of reservoir sedimentology, clastic sequence stratigraphy, sedimentation, reservoir diagenesis and heterogeneity, as well as depositional systems (alluvial, fluvial, lacustrine, delta, sandy coast, neritic, deep-water) in detail. The research team responsible for this book has been investigating clastic sedimentology for more than three decades and consists of highly published and cited authors. The Chinese edition of this book has been a great success, and is popular among sedimentologists and petroleum geologists alike.
The Early Proterozoic Michigamme Formation of northern Michigan was deposited in the southeastern part of the Animikie basin. The formation conformably overlies the Goodrich Quartzite and comprises three widespread members a lower member of thin-bedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone; the Bijiki Iron-formation Member; and an upper member of tur- biditic graywacke, siltstone, and mudstone and a few local members. The Goodrich Quartzite is interpreted as having been deposited in a tidally influenced shallow marine environ- ment. The lower member of the Michigamme is interpreted as having been deposited in a tidally influenced environment, the iron-formation member as having been deposited below wave base in somewhat deeper water, and the upper member as having been deposited in still deeper water with turbidity currents being a major depositional mechanism. Several lines of evidence including paleocurrents, paleo- geographic setting, and neodymium isotopes suggest that the graywacke of the southern part of the outcrop area was derived from the south (Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes, Archean miniplates, and older Early Proterozoic sedimentary units formed on the continental margin), and that the graywacke in the northern area was derived from an Archean terrane to the north. The tectonic model that best fits the available data is a northward-migrating foreland basin.
This book is intended to give an introduction to sedimentology and petroleum geology at undergraduate level. These two subjects have been treated together because of the close links between sedimen tology as an academic dicipline, petroleum geology, which is the application of sedimentology, and a number of other aspects of petroleum exploration and production. The oil industry ist by far the most important employer of sedimentologists and the lively interaction that takes place between the academic community and the research laboratories and exploration departments of the oil industry has been very fruitful for both parties. Our knowledge of sedimentary basins now depends to a very large extent on data obtained by commercial petroleum exploration. Studies of actual rocks in outcrops, particularly if they are extensive, will always be important for sedimentologists, but subsurface data like seismic sections and well logs provide us with in much information on the three-dimensional distribution of facies that we could not otherwise obtain. Subsurface techniques are certainly important for pe troleum geologists, but also other sedimentologists should be able to use subsurface data. I have therefore included elementary intro ductions to the use of well logs and seismic methods in this book, with fundamentals of external controls on sedimentation such as basin subsidence and sea level changes. I have tried to present the state of knowledge at this level without referring to the original research papers except when specific data are quoted or used in illustrations.