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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
When water from the Sierra Nevada reached the San Francisco Bay area in 1934, it was greeted by a national celebration after two decades of grueling construction. The Hetch Hetchy Project evolved from a long search for a reliable source of water for San Francisco that began after the 1906 Great Earthquake. Prior to the earthquake, San Francisco had burned to the ground repeatedly due to the lack of water to fight fires. Studies of 14 different sources led to the design of an engineering marvel that conveys water using gravity across California via a complex system of tunnels, reservoirs, pipelines, powerhouses, treatment plants, and dams. But before the Hetch Hetchy Project broke ground, controversy roiled over the project. Finally, the Raker Act was passed by Congress in 1913 and signed by Pres. Woodrow Wilson to permit the use of the rights-of-way for the project. Today, this system serves some of the highest-quality water in the nation to 2.4 million people.
"The Bay Crossing Reach features some of the most complex and critical engineering components in the entire Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct system. In general, the Aqueduct is significant at the state level as it illustrates a pivotal shift in potable water collection and distribution in the San Francisco Bay region from reliance on local private water companies to a reliable, but distant, municipal water supply. In addition, the system utilized multiple innovative engineering structures to efficiently deliver water to the metropolitan region aprimarily by gravity flow. The scale of the water system had few peeers at the national level during the same period as only the Metropolitan System in Boston and the Catskill supply system in New York were larger. The Bay Crossing Reach utilized a unique combination of a pipleine bridge, wooden trestles, submarine pipe, valve houses, and a large concrete caisson to transmit water under and over San Francisco Bay, all concrete caisson to transmit water under and over San Francisco Bay, all while retaining sufficient hydrostatic pressure of the water line generated by gravity alone. By utilizing a complex array of structures to eliminate the need for a costly pumping station, the Bay Crossing Reach engineers, such as John Ripley Freeman and Michael M. O'Shaughnessy, conveyed their mastery in the planning and design of an efficient muicipal water delivery system. Consequently these individuals were also recognized nationally for their accomplishments"--Pages 1-2.