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The hazards posed to engineering structures by salt weathering are increasing because of such diverse factors as the spread of irrigation and high levels of atmospheric pollution. Salt weathering is also a potent cause of rock decay and geomorphological change in polar, coastal and desert environments. The book discusses the reasons why the hazards are increasing and presents striking case studies from many parts of the world. It also discusses the nature and sources of different salts, the mechanisms that cause the deterioration of building materials and natural rock outcrops, the geomorphological processes of salt attack and their impact on landform development, and the strategies and techniques that are available to combat salt attack. The book is extensively illustrated and has a very comprehensive bibliography of the multi-disciplinary literature.
A state-of-the-art assessment of how geomorphology contributes to the comprehension, mapping and modelling of hazardous Earth surface processes.
Human activities have had a huge impact on the environment and landscape, through industrialisation and land-use change, leading to climate change, deforestation, desertification, land degradation, and air and water pollution. These impacts are strongly linked to the occurrence of geomorphological hazards, such as floods, landslides, snow avalanches, soil erosion, and others. Geomorphological work includes not only the understanding but the mapping and modelling of Earth's surface processes, many of which directly affect human societies. In addition, geomorphologists are becoming increasingly involved with the dimensions of societal problem solving, through vulnerability analysis, hazard and risk assessment and management. The work of geomorphologists is therefore of prime importance for disaster prevention. An international team of geomorphologists have contributed their expertise to this volume, making this a scientifically rigorous work for a wide audience of geomorphologists and other Earth scientists, including those involved in environmental science, hazard and risk assessment, management and policy.
The crystallization of one or multiple salts in porous media (rocks, soils, building materials, etc.) is a subject of major interest in connection with numerous issues such as soil salinization, evaporation, CO2 injection into saline aquifers, the durability of building materials and the preservation of our cultural heritage. Salt Crystallization in Porous Media provides an interdisciplinary review of the key scientific knowledge required to understand this field of research, and illustrates the issues involved through a series of concrete examples. This book has been written for students completing their Master’s level degree or higher in the field, as well as researchers and engineers interested in this research. It may also be of interest to a wider readership, as certain sections can be used to illustrate basic concepts, reaching beyond the subject of salt crystallization itself.
On the basis of a total of thirteen case examples from the Tien Shan, Karakorum, Himalaya and Tangula Shan (central Tibet), the risk potential and hazards are inferred from the development of landscape during the Quaternary. The history of glaciers can be seen as of central importance for this. The Ice Age glacial erosion created V-shaped valleys, which with their steep flanks - as a consequence of the interglacial formation of V -valleys - have prepared and brought about landslides as well as rockslides and the hazards, combined with them. The same is true for the moraines, which the gla ciers have deposited high-up in the valley flanks and related loose stone deposits. Dry and wet mass movements follow after heavy precipitation, especially in the semi-arid investigation areas, and are catastrophes for the settlements and the communication routes in the valley floors. Their key-forms are debris cones and debris slopes, as well as mudflows and alluvial fans. In addition to the Ice Age glaciation history, as a preparatory, indirect factor, the Holocene to present glaciation history is, as a result of the danlming-up of glacier- and moraine lakes and their outbursts, a direct risk factor. The examples presented of acute and already occurred cases of damage were inves tigated in the years 1989-1994. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Max Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Volkswagen-Stiftting (VW) and the Deutscher Aka demischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) for the financial support for the field-work.
This book brings together papers by scientists, conservators and building surveyors active in stone decay and conservation research within the UK. It addresses issues of stone weathering, mechanisms and rates, the effects of urban pollution, cleaning methods, and the role of the conservator within research. The concepts regarding the value of stone heritage are also discussed as an important aspect towards retaining our diverse building heritage.
During the past few decades climatic geomorphology has been substantially enlarged in knowledge, thanks to numerous detailed investigations, the application of a large number of techniques, and the acquisition of abundant absolute dates. The challenge of predicting the effects of the prophesied future global warming on morphogenetic processes and landforms has encouraged geomorphologists to study the Late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic changes from the geomorphological and geological record. The advances achieved in the field of climatic geomorphology during the past years are reflected by the publication of several specific monographs about the different morphoclimatic zones. The aim of this book is to provide an up-to-date general view of this branch of geomorphology. It includes a chapter on applied geomorphology for each morphoclimatic zone providing an approximation of the main environmental problems. Geoscientists, geomorphologists
In recognition of the fundamental control exerted by weathering on landscape evolution and topographic development, the 35th Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium was convened under the theme of Weathering and Landscape Evolution. The papers and posters presented at the conference imparted the state-of-the-art in weathering geomorphology, tackled the issue of scale linkage in geomorphic studies and offered a vehicle for interdisciplinary communication on research into weathering and landscape evolution. The papers included in this book are encapsulated here under the general themes of weathering mantles, weathering and relative dating, weathering and denudation, weathering processes and controls and the 'big picture'. * Contains 15 papers on the techniques and methodologies of research * Provides an up-to-date overview of various aspects of weathering and landscape evolution complemented by a number of excellent case studies * Contains a wealth of basic field data and relevant information
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. Anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy, controls contains the papers presented at the 10th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (SAHC2016, Leuven, Belgium, 13-15 September 2016). The main theme of the book is “Anamnesis, Diagnosis, Therapy, Controls”, which emphasizes the importance of all steps of a restoration process in order to obtain a thorough understanding of the structural behaviour of built cultural heritage. The contributions cover every aspect of the structural analysis of historical constructions, such as material characterization, structural modelling, static and dynamic monitoring, non-destructive techniques for on-site investigation, seismic behaviour, rehabilitation, traditional and innovative repair techniques, and case studies. A special focus has been put on six specific themes: - Innovation and heritage - Preventive conservation - Computational strategies for heritage structures - Sustainable strengthening of masonry with composites - Values and sustainability, and - Subsoil interaction The knowledge, insights and ideas in Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. Anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy, controls make this book of abstracts and the corresponding, digital full-colour conference proceedings containing the full papers must-have literature for researchers and practitioners involved in the structural analysis of historical constructions.