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This book presents the current research on safety message dissemination in vehicular networks, covering medium access control and relay selection for multi-hop safety message broadcast. Along with an overall overview of the architecture, characteristics, and applications of vehicular networks, the authors discuss the challenging issues in the research on performance improvement for safety applications, and provide a comprehensive review of the research literature.A cross layer broadcast protocol is included to support efficient safety message broadcast by jointly considering geographical location, physical-layer channel condition, and moving velocity of vehicles in the highway scenario. To further support multi-hop safety message broadcast in a complex road layout, the authors propose an urban multi-hop broadcast protocol that utilizes a novel forwarding node selection scheme. Additionally, a busy tone based medium access control scheme is designed to provide strict priority to safety applications in vehicle-to-infrastructure communications.This book offers useful insights into protocol design and inspires a new line of thinking in performance improvements for safety applications in vehicular networks. It is a valuable resource for professionals, researchers, or advanced-level students working in vehicular networks or quality of service.
Broadcast communications is critically important in vehicular networks. Many safety applications need safety warning messages to be broadcast to all vehicles present in an area. In this thesis, we propose a novel repetition-based broadcast protocol based on "optical orthogonal codes." Optical orthogonal codes are used because of their ability to reduce the possibility of collision. We present a detailed mathematical analysis for obtaining the probability of success and the average delay. Furthermore, we propose to use coding to increase network throughput, and "adaptive elimination" of potentially colliding transmissions to further increase reliability. We show, by analysis and simulations, that the proposed protocol outperforms existing repetition-based ones and provides reliable broadcast communications and can reliably deliver safety messages under load conditions deemed to be common in vehicular environments. We also show that the proposed protocol is able to provide different levels of quality of service.
The safety-message dissemination problem for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) was investigated. Four novel techniques were contributed for the efficient and reliable routing of safety messages in the vehicular ad hoc networks. The instant-broadcast technique was proposed to improve the end-to-end dissemination delay. The lane-based sectoring mechanism was presented for the collision mitigation in the dense-urban traffic scenario. The negative acknowledgment with smart neighborhood (NSN) technique was proposed to ensure the reliability of reception through recovering the packet loss caused by interference. Finally, the negative acknowledgment with smart neighborhood - hole recovery (NSN-H) technique was presented to provide guaranteed reception of the safety message at each individual node in the VANET. The investigation of the safety message routing in VANET conducted in this research also revealed the significance of hitherto-neglected factors that influence the vehicular network. Significance of the small payload size of the VANET safety message, the effect of road width on the multi-hop relay, and the attenuation caused by vehicles in the propagation path were among the important revealed factors.
Provides an up-to-date, in-depth look at the current research, design, and implementation of cooperative vehicle safety communication protocols and technology Improving traffic safety has been a top concern for transportation agencies around the world and the focus of heavy research and development efforts sponsored by both governments and private industries. Cooperative vehicle systems—which use sensors and wireless technologies to reduce traffic accidents—can play a major role in making the world's roads safer. Vehicle Safety Communications: Protocols, Security, and Privacy describes fundamental issues in cooperative vehicle safety and recent advances in technologies for enabling cooperative vehicle safety. It gives an overview of traditional vehicle safety issues, the evolution of vehicle safety technologies, and the need for cooperative systems where vehicles work together to reduce the number of crashes or mitigate damage when crashes become unavoidable. Authored by two top industry professionals, the book: Summarizes the history and current status of 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) technology and standardization, discussing key issues in applying DSRC to support cooperative vehicle safety Features an in-depth overview of on-board equipment (OBE) and roadside equipment (RSE) by describing sample designs to illustrate the key issues and potential solutions Takes on security and privacy protection requirements and challenges, including how to design privacy-preserving digital certificate management systems and how to evict misbehaving vehicles Includes coverage of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications like intersection collision avoidance applications and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications like extended electronic brake lights and intersection movement assist Vehicle Safety Communications is ideal for anyone working in the areas of—or studying—cooperative vehicle safety and vehicle communications.
Vehicles that talk to each other are expected to unleash a broad spectrum of applications that will make road travel safer, faster, efficient and more entertaining. We study safety messaging, which enables applications that provide different levels of driver assistance to improve on-road safety, for different vehicular network scenarios. Initial deployments of safety applications in vehicles are expected to be sparse with support for event-driven messaging over a few wireless hops, for example, a car broadcasting messages when in distress. We propose GeoMAC, a protocol that exploits spatial diversity of forwarder nodes, and a geo-backoff mechanism to resolve contention between them, and achieves message delivery with smaller latency and jitter, and greater reliability. Eventually, all on-road vehicles will broadcast their state information, such as location and velocity, many times a second. Each vehicle's state must be received in a timely manner and be refreshed periodically at all other vehicles of interest. The network objective of minimizing the system age, which we define, is then explored for single and multi-hop networks. For single-hop networks we assume a carrier-sense-multiple-access (CSMA) based sharing of the wireless medium. We show that the minimum system age cannot be achieved in 802.11 networks through pure MAC techniques. We propose, and evaluate on ORBIT, an application broadcast rate adaptation algorithm that allows nodes to locally adapt their messaging rate to keep the system age to a minimum. Next, we explore the benefits of a multi-hop wireless connectivity for a given physical network of on-road vehicles, when nodes can piggyback other nodes' states. The system age optimization is formulated for arbitrary network graphs and round robin schedules. We show that, under certain conditions, significant improvements in system age may be obtained. For tree topologies, an algorithm that gives schedules that minimize system age is proposed. We end our study on messaging with an empirical evaluation of how enabling location prediction can help reduce rate of messaging and hence channel congestion. Finally, we measure and model the effect of a car's own geometry, antenna placement, and of other cars in vicinity, on the vehicle-to-vehicle link and the network.
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2014 in the subject Engineering - Computer Engineering, grade: Sobresaliente Cum Laude, , language: English, abstract: In the past, people were focused on how to build efficient highways and roads. Over time, focus shifted to mechanical and automotive engineering, in the pursuit of building faster cars to surmount greater distances. Later on, electronics technology impacted the construction of cars, embedding them with sensors, advanced electronics, and communication devices, making cars more intelligent, efficient, and safe to drive on. The applications and advantages of using Vehicular Networks (VNs) for enhancing road safety and driving efficiency are diverse, which explains why research in this area has recently emerged. In this Thesis, we focus on Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs), which are a particular subclass of Vehicular Networks, that involves a set of equipped vehicles communicating with each other via wireless antennas, without requiring the use of any infrastructure. In order to enhance the warning message dissemination process, usually necessary in VANET safety applications, we propose an adaptive broadcast dissemination scheme that automatically chooses the optimal broadcast depending on the complexity of the map and the instantaneous vehicle density in the area. Its main goal is to maximize the message delivery effectiveness, while generating a reduced number of messages, and thus, avoiding or mitigating broadcast storms. Current research on VANETs usually focuses on analyzing scenarios representing common situations with average densities. However, situations with very low or very high vehicle densities are often ignored, whereas they are very common in real vehicular environments. The aim of broadcast dissemination schemes is to maximize message delivery effectiveness, something difficult to achieve in adverse density scenarios. To address this issue, in this Thesis, we propose the Junction Store and Forward (JSF) and the Neighbor Store and Forward (NSF) dissemina- tion schemes, specially designed to be used under low density conditions, as well as the Nearest Junction Located (NJL) scheme, specially developed for high density conditions. Finally, we present a classification which includes the most relevant broadcast dissemination schemes specially designed for VANETs, highlighting their features, and studying their performance under the same simulation conditions, thus offering researchers a fair comparison. We consider that this evaluation can shed some light into the advantages and drawbacks of each solution.
The topics addressed in this book are crucial for both the academic community and industry, since the vehicular network has become an essential building block for intelligent transportation systems. The systematic principle of this book provides valuable guidance on the deployment and implementation of V2X-enabled road-safety applications. In addition, this book carries out structured technologies from the MAC layer to the link and network layer, which can provide a general introduction for interested readers with a comprehensive understanding of applying vehicular networks in enhancing road safety, and offers a systematized view for researchers and practitioners in the field of vehicular networks to help them optimize and improve the desired vehicular communication systems. Road safety has always been the first priority for daily commuters on the road. Vehicular networks can be an effective solution to enhance road safety, via which vehicles can exchange cooperative awareness messages rapidly, contributing to better situation awareness and maneuvering cooperation. However, with the fast-changing network topology, intermittent wireless link, and dynamic traffic density, it is challenging to achieve satisfying network performance. This book introduces the background of vehicular networks, provides a comprehensive overview of networking techniques in supporting road-safety applications, states the technical motivations per the MAC, link, and network layer, and proposes/designs vehicular networking technologies at the corresponding layer respectively to guarantee low-latency and reliable V2X communications for road-safety applications. By extending the proposed networking technologies to support all types of vehicular services, this book also outlines open issues and research directions in future 5G and beyond vehicular networks.
This book covers a wide range of topics from the smart transportation domain. It discusses protocols, applications and security concerns in various vehicular networks using examples and easy-to-understand figures. The first four chapters focus on vehicular network protocols and applications, while the remaining four chapters incorporate security, trust and privacy issues with examples from real-life cases. The book concludes with a vision of what to expect in the near future and will be an invaluable resource for anybody interested in this nascent technology and its variegated applications. Dr. Niaz Chowdhury is a postdoctoral research associate at the Knowledge Media Institute, the Open University in England. Dr. Lewis M. Mackenzie is a senior lecturer in computing science at the University of Glasgow.
This book investigates energy management approaches for energy efficient or energy-centric system design and architecture and presents end-to-end energy management in the recent heterogeneous-type wireless network medium. It also considers energy management in wireless sensor and mesh networks by exploiting energy efficient transmission techniques and protocols. and explores energy management in emerging applications, services and engineering to be facilitated with 5G networks such as WBANs, VANETS and Cognitive networks. A special focus of the book is on the examination of the energy management practices in emerging wireless cellular and ad hoc networks. Considering the broad scope of energy management in wireless cellular and ad hoc networks, this book is organized into six sections covering range of Energy efficient systems and architectures; Energy efficient transmission and techniques; Energy efficient applications and services.