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The first full account of why the American workplace became so dangerous, and why it is now so much safer. In 1907, American coal mines killed 3,242 men in occupational accidents, probably an all-time high both for the industry and for all laboring accidents in this country. In December alone, two mines at Monongah, West Virginia, blew up, killing 362 men. Railroad accidents that same year killed another 4,534. At a single South Chicago steel plant, 46 workers died on the job. In mines and mills and on railroads, work in America had become more dangerous than in any other advanced nation. Ninety years later, such numbers and events seem extraordinary. Although serious accidents do still occur, industrial jobs in the United States have become vastly and dramatically safer. In Safety First, Mark Aldrich offers the first full account of why the American workplace became so dangerous, and why it is now so much safer. Aldrich, an economist who once served as an OSHA investigator, first describes the increasing dangers of industrial work in late-nineteenth-century America as a result of technological change, careless work practices, and a legal system that minimized employers' responsibility for industrial accidents. He then explores the developments that led to improved safety—government regulation, corporate publicizing of safety measures, and legislation that raised the costs of accidents by requiring employers to pay workmen's compensation. At the heart of these changes, Aldrich contends, was the emergence of a safety ideology that stressed both worker and management responsibility for work accidents—a stunning reversal of earlier attitudes.
Baby Gyro and Baby Mickey learn about safety at the playground.
Peppa Pig and her class learn all about safety in this Level 1 reader with stickers, based on the hit Nick Jr. TV show! Police Officer Panda and Police Officer Squirrel are visiting Peppa's class for an important lesson on safety!This Level 1 beginning reader is based on the hit Nick Jr. television show.
Topsy and Tim find fun and adventure in the real world. Their engaging stories are reassuring for young children having first experiences of their own. In Topsy and Tim: Safety First, the children learn about all kinds of things about safety, including crossing the road, playing safely in the garden and using their special booster seats in the car! A trusted and well-loved pair who can help guide parents and children through 'first experiences', Topsy and Tim books have been beautifully updated with contemporary artwork. Topsy & Tim remain instantly recognizable to parents while in a fresh style that will appeal to a new generation of fans. These wonderful books deserve a place on every child's bookshelves. Topsy and Tim have all sorts of new experiences - just like you! Jean and Gareth Adamson have sold over 21 million copies in fifty years of their iconic Topsy and Tim books. Topsy and Tim help guide children through various 'new experiences', such as a new baby in Topsy and Tim: The New Baby and recycling in Topsy and Tim Go Green, with captivating storylines, fun characters and engaging pictures. Visit www.topsyandtim.com for interactive Topsy and Tim stories or download the Topsy and Tim Start School app for iPhone. Other Topsy and Tim titles available from Ladybird: Topsy and Tim Learn to Swim Topsy and Tim Have a Birthday Party Topsy and Tim Start School Topsy and Tim Go on an Aeroplane Topsy and Tim Go to the Zoo Topsy and Tim Go to the Dentist Topsy and Tim Meet Father Christmas Topsy and Tim The New Baby Topsy and Tim Play Football Topsy and Tim Go on a Train Topsy and Tim Go Camping Topsy and Tim Go to Hospital Topsy and Tim At the Farm Topsy and Tim Go to the Doctor Topsy and Tim Have Itchy Heads Topsy and Tim Meet the Fire Fighters Topsy and Tim Meet the Police Topsy and Tim Safety First Topsy and Tim Sports Day Topsy and Tim Visit London Topsy and Tim Go Green And printed editions only of Topsy and Tim: Wipe Clean First Writing; Start School with Topsy and Tim: Wipe Clean First Numbers
Two fundamentally different philosophies for retirement income planning, which I call probability-based and safety-first, diverge on the critical issue of where a retirement plan is best served: in the risk/reward trade-offs of a diversified and aggressive investment portfolio that relies primarily on the stock market, or in the contractual protections of insurance products that integrate the power of risk pooling and actuarial science alongside investments. The probability-based approach is generally better understood by the public. It advocates using an aggressive investment portfolio with a large allocation to stocks to meet retirement goals. My earlier book How Much Can I Spend in Retirement? A Guide to Investment-Based Retirement Strategies provides an extensive investigation of probability-based approaches. But this investments-only attitude is not the optimal way to build a retirement income plan. There are pitfalls in retirement that we are less familiar with during the accumulation years. The nature of risk changes. Longevity risk is the possibility of living longer than planned, which could mean not having resources to maintain the retiree's standard of living. And once retirement distributions begin, market downturns in the early years can disproportionately harm retirement sustainability. This is sequence-of-returns risk, and it acts to amplify the impacts of market volatility in retirement. Traditional wealth management is not equipped to handle these new risks in a fulfilling way. More assets are required to cover spending goals over a possibly costly retirement triggered by a long life and poor market returns. And yet, there is no assurance that assets will be sufficient. For retirees who are worried about outliving their wealth, probability-based strategies can become excessively conservative and stressful. This book focuses on the other option: safety-first retirement planning. Safety-first advocates support a more bifurcated approach to building retirement income plans that integrates insurance with investments, providing lifetime income protections to cover spending. With risk pooling through insurance, retirees effectively pay an insurance premium that will provide a benefit to support spending in otherwise costly retirements that could deplete an unprotected investment portfolio. Insurance companies can pool sequence and longevity risks across a large base of retirees, much like a traditional defined-benefit company pension plan or Social Security, allowing for retirement spending that is more closely aligned with averages. When bonds are replaced with insurance-based risk pooling assets, retirees can improve the odds of meeting their spending goals while also supporting more legacy at the end of life, especially in the event of a longer-than-average retirement. We walk through this thought process and logic in steps, investigating three basic ways to fund a retirement spending goal: with bonds, with a diversified investment portfolio, and with risk pooling through annuities and life insurance. We consider the potential role for different types of annuities including simple income annuities, variable annuities, and fixed index annuities. I explain how different annuities work and how readers can evaluate them. We also examine the potential for whole life insurance to contribute to a retirement income plan. When we properly consider the range of risks introduced after retirement, I conclude that the integrated strategies preferred by safety-first advocates support more efficient retirement outcomes. Safety-first retirement planning helps to meet financial goals with less worry. This book explains how to evaluate different insurance options and implement these solutions into an integrated retirement plan.
The new science of computational lexicology and lexicography has arisen through contact and collaboration between representatives of three hitherto distinct disciplines: lexicography, linguistics, and computer science. The Pisa International Summer Schools on Computational Lexicology and Lexicography have played a crucial role, providing a regular forum for inter-disciplinary contact. In this volume, which had its origins in the fifth summer school, distinguished scholars providea broad perspective on the field. In their overview paper Sue Atkins, Beth Levin, and Antonio Zampolli trace the development of computational lexicography and its links to theoretical linguistics. The sections which follow discuss the collection and pre-processing of textual data, the theoreticalinfrastructure of lexical analysis, and current tools and methodologies.
Describes different sources of fire and how to stay safe around fires both indoors and outside.
Presents tips for staying safe around fire, including information on the importance of having a plan if there is a fire and what to do in case of fire.
Discusses the safety aspects of swimming in a public pool, including such topics as having a buddy, listening to the lifeguards, shallow and deep water, diving boards, and emergencies.
Did you know that you should never walk behind a school bus? Your bus driver cannot see you there. If you have to walk in front of the bus to get on, stay five big steps from the bus. Find out more about how to be safe at school in School Safety, part of the Safety First series. This is an AV2 media enhanced book. A unique book code printed on page 2 unlocks multimedia content. This book comes alive with video, audio, weblinks, slideshows, activities, hands-on experiments, and much more.