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Many of the scientific breakthroughs of the twentieth century were first reported in the journal Nature. A Century of Nature brings together in one volume Nature's greatest hits—reproductions of seminal contributions that changed science and the world, accompanied by essays written by leading scientists (including four Nobel laureates) that provide historical context for each article, explain its insights in graceful, accessible prose, and celebrate the serendipity of discovery and the rewards of searching for needles in haystacks.
The teaching of engineering and a change in liberal arts curricula, both stimulated by industrial growth, encouraged the creation of specialized courses in the sciences. By the 1890s, Gingras argues, trained researchers had begun to appear in Canadian universities. The technological demands of the First World War and the founding, in 1916, of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) accelerated the growth of scientific research. The Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada could no longer publish everything submitted to it because of the disproportionately large number of research papers from the fields of science. In response, the NRC created the Canadian Journal of Research, a journal specifically dedicated to the publication of scientific research. By 1930, a stable, national system of scientific research was in place in Canada. Following the dramatic increase in the national importance of their disciplines, scientists faced the problem of social identity. Gingras demonstrates that in the case of physics this took the form of a conflict between those who promoted a professional orientation, necessary to compete successfully with engineers in the labour market, and those, mainly in the universities, who were concerned with problems of the discipline such as publication, internal management, and awards. Physics and the Rise of Scientific Research in Canada is the first book to provide a general analysis of the origins of scientific research in Canadian universities. Gingras proposes a sociological model of the formation of scientific disciplines, distinguishing the profession from the discipline, two notions often confused by historians and sociologists of science.
Physics and the Human Body is about how we found out how our bodies and the world about us work. It is the common history of the discovery of the laws of physics and the exploration of human body over more than two millennia. Theories about what nature is, what we are and how our bodies function, have concerned natural philosophers and physicians since the time of Hippocrates and Empedocles. The purpose of this book is to give a coherent history of relevant theories and discoveries to show how physics and human biology are linked. Since the Renaissance natural philosophers and physicians have collaborated and influenced one another; Galileo and Santorini, Borelli and Malpighi, Isaac Newton and John Locke, Marie Curie and Claudius Regaud. Many theories and discoveries have been made by those who were both natural philosophers and physicians: Empedocles, Ibn Sina, Gilbert, Stensen, Mayow, Stahl, Black, Poiseuille, Young, Purkinje, von Helmholtz, Berzelius and Koch. Two important themes recur in these stories of discovery. The first is the close relationship between the physical and medical sciences. The second is the inspirational nature of discovery and the power of inventive genius to formulate surprising theories of great explanatory and predictive power; theories that have revolutionized our ways of looking at the natural world and ourselves. These discoveries emphasize that the laws of physics govern the living human body as they do inanimate matter. Physics goes on inside us as well as outside. Yet for many people this unsurprising reality has been hard to accept because physics and medical biology have, in the past, been presented as entirely separate disciplines. The physics of quantum electrodynamics helped to understand the role of DNA in human genetics. The Human Genome Project completed in 2003 resulted from the discoveries of physicists as well as medical scientists and promises further insights into our nature. Quantum and radiation physics have provided new technologies such as ultrasound, nuclear medicine and computed tomography for non-surgical exploration of the living body.
For many years the term fin de siècle has been used to imply a state of decadence which was thought to have pervaded 'civilised' European society in the years around 1900. This volume of essays, which draw on a very wide range of disciplines, argues that the period was in fact one of dramatic change, essentially positive and forward-looking in character. This was the period of the rise of the giant corporation, of mass production and mass consumption, and of the development of the generation and distribution of electrical energy. Novel social features such as mass politics, mass media, and mass sport involved the body of ordinary people and in the arts, complex reactions to contemporary social reality were aroused and expressed. This was also the period which gave birth to the study of quantum mechanics, relativity physics, mental processes and genetics. This volume forms part of a sequence of collections of essays which began with The Enlightenment in National Context (1981) and has continued with Romanticism in National Context (1988). They bring together comparative, national and interdisciplinary approaches to the history of great movements in the development of human thought and actions.
In this new intellectual biography of Ernest Rutherford, the 20th centurys greatest experimental physicist, Reeves portrays a ruddy, genial man who was also a towering figure in scientific history.
Lucid, accessible introduction to the influential theory of energy and matter features careful explanations of Dirac's anti-particles, Bohr's model of the atom, and much more. Numerous drawings. 1966 edition.