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Causation is a crucial issue in ascertaining whether certain loss or damage is covered in an insurance policy. Although marine insurance is well-known for investigating the "proximate" cause of loss in order to determine the insurers' liability, decisions by English courts are far from reconcilable. The problem has been suggested to be the inference of matters of fact, and consequently, causal connection is deemed as a complex and uncertain issue. In the light of incoherency and uncertainty of law in this respect, the value of this research lies in the effort to conceptualize and develop a set of consistent causation rules in the marine insurance context and to explore how perils themselves would affect the formation and application of causation rules. Essentially, the proximate cause in law should not remain as a mere open question of fact. In order to achieve the merits, this dissertation scrutinises the causation theory itself and also the correlations between the perils involved in the policy. Introduction presents the legal problem of causation in marine insurance law and stresses the importance of setting up coherent and certain rules. The research on the pure causation theory consists of two chapters: Chapter One regarding the test of causation, i.e. the doctrine of proximity; and Chapter Two on concurrent causes. The subsequent three chapters concentrate on identifying the cause of loss from the nature and concepts of different marine risks. Chapter Three introduces marine perils and examines how causation rules apply in the case of a few typical insured and uninsured perils; Chapter Four and Chapter Five are concerned with exclusive researches on inherent vice and seaworthiness respectively. Apart from the substantive analysis on causation, burden of proof is addressed in the last chapter. Finally, the Conclusion provides a summary of the issues and the set of causation rules.
This book provides a critical and comprehensive study of the law of marine insurance. The book explores the relationship and interaction between the Marine Insurance Act 1906, the common law and the terms of the Institute Clauses.
The book examines how the absence of insurance in the past led to some special maritime liability law principles such as ‘general average’ (i.e., losses or expenses shared by all the parties to a maritime adventure) and the limitation of shipowners’ liability. In the absence of insurance, these principles served the function of insurance mostly for shipowners. As commercial marine insurance is now widely available, these principles have lost their justification and may in fact interfere with the most important goal of liability law i.e., deterrence from negligence. The work thus recommends their abolition. It further argues that when insurance is easily available and affordable to the both parties to a liability claim, the main goal of liability law should be deterrence as opposed to compensation. This is exactly the case with the maritime cargo liability claims where both cargo owners and shipowners are invariably insured. As a result, the sole focus of cargo liability law should be and to a great extent, is deterrence. On the other hand in the vessel-source oil pollution liability setting, pollution victims are not usually insured. Therefore oil pollution liability law has to cater both for compensation and deterrence, the two traditional goals of liability law. The final question the work addresses is whether the deterrent effect of liability law is affected by the availability of liability insurance. Contrary to the popular belief the work attempts to prove that the presence of liability insurance is not necessarily a hindrance but can be a complementary force towards the realization of deterrent goal of liability law.
Excerpt from Marine Insurance Its Principles and Practice The past four years have witnessed many changes in the commercial life of the United States, not the least of which has been the renaissance of the American Merchant Marine, and with it a marvellous growth in our overseas trade. Shipping, banking and insurance, the trinity of foreign trade, have taken a new lease of life, and American commercial activities are reaching into fields hitherto untouched by purely American enterprise. This naturally has caused a demand for knowledge concerning these three subjects. New York University, in the foreign trade courses offered in the Wall Street Division of its School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance, has met this demand. It has been my privilege during the past year to lecture before the University on the subject of Marine Insurance. The attendance at these lectures has indicated that a real need exists for nontechnical information in regard to this important, but little known, branch of insurance science. It therefore seemed fitting that the matter contained in the lectures should be rewritten and published in book form so that it might be available to students, and to shipping men, bankers, merchants and insurance men who require a general knowledge of marine insurance. It is the purpose of this treatise to present the subject in a thorough yet simple form, so that the principles and practice of this necessary element in our over-seas commerce may become more generally known. I wish to avail myself of this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to many who have taken a helpful interest in the preparation of this work, making special mention of Mr. Herbert F. Eggert and Professor A. Wellington Taylor, for their aid in the revision of the manuscript. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Marine Insurance is a very important aspect of international trade, it is the practice that safe-guards the apportionment of marine transportation risk between the parties engaged in an international transaction that involves sea or marine voyage. Many times, it is impossible to come to consensus on the liability or non-liability of the insurers and the insured, this is often the case where the causation of the marine peril is in issue. This paper therefore critically examines the doctrine of 'proximate cause' under the Marine Insurance, its meanings, connotations, applications and present relevance in the area of Marine Insurance.
Causation is a crucial and complex issue in ascertaining whether a particular loss or damage is covered in an insurance policy or in a tort claim, and is an issue that cannot be escaped. Therefore, this unique book will assist practitioners in answering one of the most important questions in the handling of their insurance and tort claims. Through extensive case law analysis, this book scrutinises the causation theory in marine insurance and non-marine insurance law, and provides a comparative study on the causation test in tort law. In addition, the author expertly applies causation questions in concrete scenarios, and ultimately, this book provides a single volume solution to a very complex but essential question of insurance law and tort law. Causation in Insurance Contract Law also comes with a foreword written by Professor Robert Merkin. This book will be an invaluable guide for insurance industry professionals, as well as legal practitioners, academics and students in the fields of insurance and tort law.
Marine Insurance: Law and Practice, Second Edition, continues to provide the most comprehensive and integrated account of the English law and practice of marine insurance. It provides readers with a fresh and up-to-date review of the modern law in the light of traditional principles and rules of underlying commercial law, and the specific statutory rules of marine insurance as interpreted by case law, as moderated in practice by market practices and standard form marine insurance clauses. Francis Rose clarifies the law’s underlying framework of principles and illustrates how it works in common contractual situations, explaining how the different components of the law interact. The new edition has been updated to incorporate: • the most recent case law: there have been some very important judgments handed down since the book first published, including: The Cendor MOP, The Silva, The Resolute and The Marina Iris • the implications of the introduction of: Institute Cargo Clauses 2009, the effect of the Gambling Act 2005 and the Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 2010 Law Commission reform proposals The book explores in detail the following areas: • the nature of insurance • insurable interest • the insurance contract • the premium • insured risks • marine risks • exclusions • losses • claims • subrogation • double insurance
This book expertly introduces and clearly explains all topics covered in marine insurance law courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, offering students and those new to the area a comprehensive and accessible overview of this important topic in commercial law. Beginning by introducing the general principles of the subject, the structure and formation of insurance contracts, Marine Insurance Law then looks to individual considerations in detail, including: brokers, losses, risks and perils, sue and labour, reinsurance, and mutual insurance/P&I clubs. This title has been developed with the needs of courses specifically in mind, and its content has been tailored to include the most important and commonly taught topics in the field. Each chapter contains end of chapter further reading to support student research, ensuring this new textbook provides a reliable and accessible gateway into this important topic in maritime law