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The design and construction of airfield pavements have not been developed sufficiently to provide pavements that will not crack. Cracking is a response to traffic and environmental conditions or to the construction material. For many years, rubber in several different forms has been added to asphalt with limited success in reducing pavement cracking. This report reviews the efforts to control cracking by incorporating rubber and asphalt for application as membrane interlayers, surface seal coats, crack fillers, and joint sealers. The extensive literature review indicates that conflicting conclusions have been reached regarding varied applications of the asphalt-rubber material. Of the asphalt-rubber products available, those with high percentages of rubber (20 to 30 percent by weight) appear to be the most promising for airfield pavements, although the effectiveness of asphalt-rubber in controlling or reducing pavement cracking has not been conclusively demonstrated. No superiority of one asphalt-rubber product was indicated in the literature. Because of the danger of loose aggregate chips, the literature indicates that chip seal applications should not be used on facilities where loose chips could be a problem. Therefore, the membrane interlayer is the only application of asphalt-rubber that should be considered for military runways at this time.
This synthesis on the use of recycled rubber tires in highways will be of interest to administrators and policy-makers; pavement, materials, geotechnical, environmental, and traffic operations engineers; and research engineers involved with highway design and construction issues. Information is provided on the uses of rubber tires in asphalt paving materials as well as other uses, such as on fills and embankments, for erosion control and on railroad grade crossings. Specifically, information is included which identifies the agencies using or implementing applications for recycled rubber tires and defines the design parameters, technical and construction limitations, performance, costs, benefits, environmental limitations, specifications, and availability. This synthesis of information defines the use of recycled rubber tires in highways and is based on a review of nearly 500 references and on information recorded from state highway agency responses to a 1991 survey of practice. Updates are included for as much of the state practice information possible through 1993. The use of scrap tires for highway applications is dynamic with regard to policy and technical issues. Therefore, the reader should keep in mind that the information presented reflects the best available data at a particular time. The synthesis also identifies current research in the topic area, critical research needs, and legislative issues that affect application and use of recycled rubber tires.