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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 336: Road Safety Audits examines the state of the practice of road safety audit (RSA) and road safety audit review applications for U.S. states and Canadian provinces. This synthesis also reviews international RSA practices. RSAs were first introduced in the United Kingdom more than 20 years ago and have been applied in New Zealand and Australia since the 1990s.
In Ireland, nearly every day brings news of yet another horrific crash resulting in serious injury or loss of life. IMPACT tells the human story behind the stark statistics. Grieving families and injured victims describe how a crash that is over in seconds can devastate lives forever. Those working on the front line in emergency services – gardaí, fire officers, medical personnel – are given a voice, while road safety experts discuss the facts behind our collision culture. Essential reading for everyone, from experienced drivers to those about to get behind the wheel for the first time.
Road Safety Audits (RSAs) are formal safety performance examinations of an existing or future road or any project, which interacts with road users, in which an independent, qualified multidisciplinary team reports on accident potential and safety performance. It estimates and reports on potential roadway safety issues for all users and identifies opportunities for improvements to eliminate or reduce problems. Emphasis is placed on preventive measures and implementing road safety into projects. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) recommends RSAs be implemented and suggests following U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration guidelines; however, these guideline have not been made a standard program for California. The objective of this research was to learn about the experiences of transportation agencies implementing RSAs in California and to identify issues to determine if improvements can be made in the agencies' process. A list of transportation agencies in all California counties, as well as various cities and towns in California, was compiled and a survey was developed and distributed which included 36 questions to collect data on agency implementation of RSAs. Survey responses were compiled to create a dataset which was analyzed to identify best practices, issues, and recommendations for future improvements to RSA implementation in California. The focus of the data analysis from survey responses was on entities that were currently conducting RSAs. Of the 98 responding agencies, 68 (69.4%) were aware of what an RSA is and 30 (30.6%) were not. Of the 68, almost 50% were actually conducting RSAs. According to the data analysis, the most prominent issues that California transportation agencies faced were a lack of standardization of the RSA process, lack of funding, and lack of training. All of these issues are a critical part of the project findings that are a priority in the recommendations of this project. A standard practice for conducting RSAs would increase productivity and effectiveness. RSAs would be more productive and cost-effective with proper training and implementation in California based on the recommendations in this research. Lastly, availability of more funding would result in more participation, training and implementation leading to safer roads in California.
Although formal Road Safety Audits (RSA) have become a common review process for large-scale highway development projects throughout Canada, there is a limited understanding of the net safety benefits that they provide. Government entities, with restricted infrastructure budgets, continue to seek evidence that collision reduction methodologies have a significant, economically efficient influence on the safety of highways within their jurisdictions. This study attempted to identify and quantify the impacts that RSAs have had on the design/development of three large, mainly rural freeway projects, with similar fundamental characteristics (e.g., functional classification, cross-sectional geometry, RSA Team, and project budget). This research involved examining and quantifying RSA findings from different project stages (Design, Pre-Opening, and Post-Opening), as well as comparing observed and predicted collision frequencies, in order to develop a better understanding of the safety impacts that may be attributed to the review process. The results of this study indicate that including RSAs in the development process for large Public-Private-Partnership (P-3) projects has significantly reduced the overall frequency of collisions on these types of facilities. It was found that the New Brunswick projects experienced approximately 15% fewer collisions overall (effectively producing a collision modification factor (CMF) of 0.85 for rural freeways), or a reduction of 0.12 collisions per kilometre per year. When the safety benefits were contrasted with the audit costs for each of the three freeway projects, the estimated Benefit-Cost (B/C) ratios ranged from 50:1 to 65:1, and yielded an average ratio of 55:1. Following a sensitivity analysis of discount rates and collision costs, the most conservative overall average B/C estimate was found to be 20:1. The study findings indicate that the savings attributable to RSAs far outweigh the associated costs, confirming that the RSA process is one of the most cost-efficient investments in road safety that a road authority can make. The overall finding of this study, that RSAs can have a significant, economically efficient impact on the safety performance of highway facilities, provides evidence to support increased employment of audit programs in order to develop the safest road networks possible.
The purpose of this manual is to provide clear and helpful information for maintaining gravel roads. Very little technical help is available to small agencies that are responsible for managing these roads. Gravel road maintenance has traditionally been "more of an art than a science" and very few formal standards exist. This manual contains guidelines to help answer the questions that arise concerning gravel road maintenance such as: What is enough surface crown? What is too much? What causes corrugation? The information is as nontechnical as possible without sacrificing clear guidelines and instructions on how to do the job right.