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Mortgage lenders in the US, Stuart contends, are embedded in and shape a social context that can best be understood in terms of rules, networks and the production of space. This history of lenders' risk criteria reveals that they were synthesized from rules of thumb and untested theories.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Human Development (HUD) presents the report "What We Know About Mortgage Lending Discrimination in America." The report outlines how discrimination can affect access to mortgage capital for minorities.
First published in 1997, this volume features a wealth of contributions discussing mortgage lending discrimination and the role of the FHA, fair lending enforcement and the Decatur case, along with the future of mortgage discrimination research. This key civil rights debate in the wake of the Fair Housing Act 25 years prior is evaluated and clarified through rigorous review of fair lending research, applied projects and enforcement activities to date. It argues forcefully that the right to take out a mortgage to buy a home should be conditioned only upon one’s credit worthiness and not on one’s race or ethnic group.
The Fair Housing Act (FHA) and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) -- the "fair lending laws" -- prohibit discrimination in lending. Responsibility for their oversight is shared among three enforcement agencies -- HUD, the FTC, and Dept. of Justice -- and five depository institution regulators -- the FDIC, the Fed. Reserve, Nat. Credit Union Admin., Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Office of Thrift Supervision. This report examines: (1) data used by agencies and the public to detect potential violations and options to enhance the data; (2) fed. oversight of lenders that are identified as at heightened risk of violating the fair lending laws; and (3) recent cases involving fair lending laws and associated enforcement challenges. Illus.
"The story of how American banks helped disenfranchise nonwhite urbanities and condemn to blight the very neighborhoods that needed the most investment is infuriating. And yet, by digging into the history of urban finance, Rebecca Marchiel here illuminates how urban activists changed some banks' behavior to support investment in communities that they had once abandoned. These developments, in turn, affected federal urban policy and reshaped banks' understanding of the role that urban communities play in the financial system. The legacy of reinvestment activism is clouded, but Marchiel's detailing of it transforms our understanding of the history and significance of community/bank relations"--Provided by publisher.
Praise for Fair Lending ComplianceIntelligence and Implications for Credit Risk Management "Brilliant and informative. An in-depth look at innovative approaches to credit risk management written by industry practitioners. This publication will serve as an essential reference text for those who wish to make credit accessible to underserved consumers. It is comprehensive and clearly written." --The Honorable Rodney E. Hood "Abrahams and Zhang's timely treatise is a must-read for all those interested in the critical role of credit in the economy. They ably explore the intersection of credit access and credit risk, suggesting a hybrid approach of human judgment and computer models as the necessary path to balanced and fair lending. In an environment of rapidly changing consumer demographics, as well as regulatory reform initiatives, this book suggests new analytical models by which to provide credit to ensure compliance and to manage enterprise risk." --Frank A. Hirsch Jr., Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP Financial Services Attorney and former general counsel for Centura Banks, Inc. "This book tackles head on the market failures that our current risk management systems need to address. Not only do Abrahams and Zhang adeptly articulate why we can and should improve our systems, they provide the analytic evidence, and the steps toward implementations. Fair Lending Compliance fills a much-needed gap in the field. If implemented systematically, this thought leadership will lead to improvements in fair lending practices for all Americans." --Alyssa Stewart Lee, Deputy Director, Urban Markets Initiative The Brookings Institution "[Fair Lending Compliance]...provides a unique blend of qualitative and quantitative guidance to two kinds of financial institutions: those that just need a little help in staying on the right side of complex fair housing regulations; and those that aspire to industry leadership in profitably and responsibly serving the unmet credit needs of diverse businesses and consumers in America's emerging domestic markets." --Michael A. Stegman, PhD, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Duncan MacRae '09 and Rebecca Kyle MacRae Professor of Public Policy Emeritus, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Land Transfer and Finance: Cases and Materials, Sixth Edition, is a classroom-tested casebook designed for upper-class courses in real estate transactions or financing that will appeal to professors who prefer to focus on the taxation and financing aspects of a transaction as well as to those who choose to concentrate on contractual and title areas. The Sixth Edition has been meticulously updated and features extensive coverage of the impact of the recent mortgage crisis and the resulting changes and potential changes to real estate mortgage markets. This comprehensive casebook offers: A thorough foundation in land transfer law and a solid doctrinal framework in contract, financing, taxation, and titles. Legal and historical background on the subject of land transactions that will help prepare students for practice. Thorough coverage of the law relevant to various kinds of land transactions, with an emphasis on the major participants in the land sale and lending markets, the role of these participants, their business concerns, and their legal rights and duties. Consideration of many of the more troublesome legal and policy problems in the land transaction field and alternative solutions to these problems are explored. Numerous judicial opinions illustrating important issues of law concerning land transactions and the major participants in land transaction markets. Cases that are selected to help demonstrate the variations in the design of real-world land transactions and the frequent complexity of ;these transactions. Materials that develop students' ability to critically evaluate legal problems and propose solutions to these problems that will best serve the parties' business objectives within the applicable legal constraints. Valuable appendices, including a glossary of real estate terms and sample form documents. The Sixth Edition features: Extensive consideration in Chapter 2 of changes pertaining to real estate mortgage markets. Chapter 7, Part D (Securitization) has been significantly revised. Material in Chapter 7, Part E (Valuing Real Estate and Investments) has been expanded to include a brief section on the basic business and finance considerations in real estate development and investment. Updated tax material. Revisions and refinements to nearly all of the explanatory text, article excerpts, and notes. The purchase of this Kindle edition does not entitle you to receive 1-year FREE digital access to the corresponding Examples & Explanations in your course area. In order to receive access to the hypothetical questions complemented by detailed explanations found in the Examples & Explanations, you will need to purchase a new print casebook.
Making Anti-Racial Discrimination Law examines the evolution of anti-racial discrimination law from a socio-legal perspective. Taking a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, the book does not simply look at race and society or race and law but brings these areas together by drawing out the tension in the process, in different countries, by which race becomes a policy issue which is subsequently regulated by law. Moving beyond traditional social movement theory to include the extreme right wing as a social actor, the study identifies the role of extreme right wing confrontation in agenda setting and law-making, a feature often neglected in studies of social action. In so doing, it identifies the influence of both the extreme right and liberalism on anti-racial discrimination law. Focusing primarily on Great Britain and Germany, the book also demonstrates how national politics feeds into EU policy and identifies some of the challenges in creating a high and uniform level of protection against racial discrimination throughout the EU. Using primary archival materials from Germany and the UK, the empirical richness of this book constitutes a valuable contribution to the field of anti-racial discrimination law, at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. The book will interest specialists and academics in law, sociology and political science as well as non-specialists, who will find this study stimulating and useful to expand their knowledge of anti-racial discrimination law or pursue teaching goals, policy objectives and reform agendas.