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A good deal of our information on solar physics and on solar phenomena is derived from the solar spectrum. A quantitative interpretation of this spectrum was only possible after 1920, after the establishment of Bohr's atomic model, the discovery of Saha's law, and the development of spectrophotometry. The resolving and light gathering powers of our instruments have greatly increased since. We have seen an enormous progress in our theoretical under standing of basic atomic phenomena, and of the intricate problems concerned with the transfer of energy through a complicated structure like the sun's outer layers. In particular the observable part of the solar spectrum tremen dously enlarged since the introduction, in the years after 1945, of radio astronomy, enabling us to study the solar spectrum between wavelengths of some mm to about 15 m, of space research, giving access to the whole electro magnetic spectrum below 3000 A, down to about 0. 01 A. Further, the low and high energetic components of the solar particles spectrum have been dis covered with space probes (the solar wind), rockets, balloons (the so-called sub cosmic-ray particles) and cosmic ray monitors (solar cosmic ray bursts). The extreme wealth of this spectrum, much vaster in extent than the earlier investigators could only dream of, is an important source of information. It looked appropriate to us, after the rapid development of this branch of science, ' to invite the world's leading solar physicists to Utrecht for a summa rizing symposium on the whole solar spectrum.
Eight highly technical studies explore a wide range of problems involved in investigating the short wavelength emission of the solar corona. The topics include the experimental results from solar X-ray investigations, the calculated excitation cross-sections for collisions of atoms and ions with charged particles, and spectra of plasmas. Annotation
TO SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL IN SPACE PHYSICS HELD IN ALPBACH, AUSTRIA, JULY 1S-AUGUST 10,1963 AND ORGANIZED BY THE EUROPEAN PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR SPACE RESEARCH (COPERS) Edited by J. ORTNER European Space Research Organisation. Paris and H. MAS ELAND Sterrewacht ' Sonnenborgh' • Utrecht D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND e-ISBN-13:978-94-010-3590-3 IS8N-13:978-94-0 10-3592-7 00110. 1007/978-94-010-3590-3 '96' Softoover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1965 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any fonn. by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without permission from the publisher FOREWORD The textbook presented in the following is composed of the proceedings of the Summer School in Space Physics held during the summer months of 1963. This Summer School was organized by the Preparatory Commission (COPERS) of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO). It was the first time that such a summer course was held in Europe on a subject of space physics. Thanks to an invitation from the Austrian Government these lectures were given in the College House of Alpbach, Tyrol. Eight outstanding European scientists each presented five two-hour lectures on topics covering the region between the Sun and the Earth. The courses contained the physics of the Sun, the Interplanetary Medium and Trapped Radiation, the Ionosphere and High Latitude Phenomena. Furthermore, a course on space instrumentation was given. Sixty students were selected to attend the courses.