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The breakup of a river ice cover can be both fascinating and perilous, owing to ever-changing ice conditions and dynamic processes that sometimes lead to extreme flood events caused by ice jams. Though much progress has been made recently in the study of ice jams, less has been achieved on the more general, and more complex, problem of how to predict the entire breakup process, from the first ice movement to the last ice effect on river stage. This type of knowledge is essential to determining when and where ice jam threats may develop and when they may release and generate steep flood waves that can trigger ice runs and jamming further downstream. In turn, such understanding is invaluable to natural hazard reduction, ecosystem conservation and protection, and adaptation to climatic impacts. This book combines the existing information, previously scattered in various journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports. It contains contributions by several authors to achieve a comprehensive and balanced coverage, including qualitative and quantitative descriptions of relevant physical processes, forecasting methods and flood-frequency assessments, as well as ecological impacts and climatic considerations. The book should be of interest to readers of different backgrounds, both beginners and specialists. -- Publisher's website.
This book exposes practitioners and students to the theory and application of river and lake ice processes to gain a better understanding of these processes for modelling and forecasting. It focuses on the following processes of the surface water ice: freeze-up, ice cover thickening, ice cover breakup and ice jamming. The reader will receive a fundamental understanding of the physical processes of each component and how they are applied in monitoring and modelling ice covers during the winter season and forecasting ice floods. Exercises accompany each component to reinforce the theoretical principles learned. These exercises will also expose the reader to different tools to process data, such a space-borne remote sensing imagery for ice cover classification. A thread supporting numerical modelling of river ice and lake ice processes runs through the book.
Like the adventurer who circled an iceberg to see it on all sides, Mariana Gosnell, former Newsweek reporter and author of Zero Three Bravo, a book about flying a small plane around the United States, explores ice in all its complexity, grandeur, and significance.More brittle than glass, at times stronger than steel, at other times flowing like molasses, ice covers 10 percent of the earth’s land and 7 percent of its oceans. In nature it is found in myriad forms, from the delicate needle ice that crunches underfoot in a winter meadow to the massive, centuries-old ice that forms the world’s glaciers. Scientists theorize that icy comets delivered to Earth the molecules needed to get life started, and ice ages have shaped much of the land as we know it.Here is the whole world of ice, from the freezing of Pleasant Lake in New Hampshire to the breakup of a Vermont river at the onset of spring, from the frozen Antarctic landscape that emperor penguins inhabit to the cold, watery route bowhead whales take between Arctic ice floes. Mariana Gosnell writes about frostbite and about the recently discovered 5,000-year-old body of a man preserved in an Alpine glacier. She discusses the work of scientists who extract cylinders of Greenland ice to study the history of the earth’s climate and try to predict its future. She examines ice in plants, icebergs, icicles, and hail; sea ice and permafrost; ice on Mars and in the rings of Saturn; and several new forms of ice developed in labs. She writes of the many uses humans make of ice, including ice-skating, ice fishing, iceboating, and ice climbing; building ice roads and seeding clouds; making ice castles, ice cubes, and iced desserts. Ice is a sparkling illumination of the natural phenomenon whose ebbs and flows over time have helped form the world we live in. It is a pleasure to read, and important to read—for its natural science and revelations about ice’s influence on our everyday lives, and for what it has to tell us about our environment today and in the future.
A comprehensive introduction to the epic geological history of the world’s rivers, from the first drop of rain on the Earth to the modern environmental crisis.
In 1960s inner city Boston, Stan Zuray had no future. As the Vietnam war took more and more of his friends, and many of those who returned sank further into drugs and despair, Stan looked for meaning and found nothing. His life's purpose lay thirty-three hundred miles northwest, deep in the Tozitna River Valley in the heart of Alaska's frozen interior. Deadly cold, famine, grizzly bears, and one unruly sled dog with a grudge kept Stan on the knife's edge between survival and death. Humbled by the power of nature, the Boston greaser who was destined for prison found a new life in the wild, where one mistake can prove fatal. This is the true story of Stan Zuray's incredible journey; the reformation of a man's heart and mind in the forbidding darkness of Alaska's endless winter.
“I owe Alaska. It gave me everything I have.” Says Sidney Huntington, son of an Athapaskan mother and white trader/trapper father. Growing up on the Koyukuk River in Alaska’s harsh Interior, that “everything” spans 78 years of tragedies and adventures. When his mother died suddenly, 5-year-old Huntington protected and cared for his younger brother and sister during two weeks of isolation. Later, as a teenager, he plied the wilderness traplines with his father, nearly freezing to death several times. One spring, he watched an ice-filled breakup flood sweep his family’s cabin and belongings away. These and many other episodes are the compelling background for the story of a man who learned the lessons of a land and culture, lessons that enabled him to prosper as trapper, boat builder, and fisherman. This is more than one man's incredible tale of hardship and success in Alaska. It is also a tribute to the Athapaskan traditions and spiritual beliefs that enabled him and his ancestors to survive. His story, simply told, is a testament to the durability of Alaska's wild lands and to the strength of the people who inhabit them.
Completely updated and with three new chapters, this analysis of river dynamics is invaluable for advanced students, researchers and practitioners.
This report describes flow-control methods for reducing ice problems in rivers. Objectives include reducing ice interference with winter hydroelectric production and navigation, ice jam flood mitigation, as well as ensuring minimum winter flows for fish and water supply. The winter season is divided into three periods. During early winter, the main objective of flow control is to promote the rapid formation of a smooth, stable ice cover. For the midwinter period, the aim of the river regulation is to maintain an intact ice cover and avoid premature ice breakup. During the final winter period, the goal is to minimize adverse effects of ice breakup. Examples illustrate the methods and objectives, emphasizing innovative approaches. Available flow regulation planning tools are described and valuable research directions identified.