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A report presenting an approach applicable to classification of upstream and downstream petroleum facilities by consideration of the individual point source procedure in Chapter 5 of the Area Classification Code.
Due to an increase in the wide-range of chemicals in petrochemical processing industries, as well as frequency of use, there has been a steady rise in flammability problems and other hazards. Hazardous Area Classification in Petroleum and Chemical Plants: A Guide to Mitigating Risk outlines the necessities of explosion protection in oil, gas and chemical industries, and discusses fire and occupancy hazards, extinguishing methods, hazard identification, and classification of materials. This book addresses these issues and concerns and presents a simple hazard identification system to help offset future problems. It offers information on the hazards of various materials and their level of severity as it relates to fire prevention, exposure, and control. The system provides an alerting signal and on-the-spot information to help protect lives in an industrial plant or storage location during fire emergencies. Understanding the hazard helps to ensure that the process equipment is properly selected, installed, and operated to provide a safe operating system. This text also includes a summary of the rules, methods, and requirements for fighting a fire, introduces various hazard identification systems. • Includes a summary of the rules, methods, and requirements needed to extinguish a fire • Introduces various hazard identification systems • Includes concepts for layout and spacing of equipment in process plants The book serves as resource for plant design engineers as well as plant protection and safety personnel in planning for effective firefighting operations.
The degree of danger in the atmosphere of a hazardous location needs to be determined prior to selecting an acceptable electrical equipment installation. If maximum safety is the predominant factor in determining the type of electrical installations, the cost of electrical equipment will be extremely high. If low cost of electrical installation is the predominant factor, safety to personnel and equipment may be unacceptably low. It is, therefore, necessary to find a point of balance at which the cost and safety requirements are both satisfied and acceptable. In nine out of ten cases, a hazardous location is classified much too conservatively. The reason for this conservative approach is a lack of knowledge and a misunderstanding of the actual concept of safety and danger. This book provides an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence the classification of a hazardous location. One factor, in combination with one or more other factors, will have an impact on the level of danger and its hazardous boundaries. These factors and their influences are explained in detail, and once their impact is understood, the classification of a hazardous location becomes a straightforward procedure.
It is obvious that poor hazardous area classification or undermining the risk of flammable, explosive or toxic atmosphere has caused havoc in our societies and world at large. Human lives, oil & gas installations, chemical companies etc. have in the recent times burnt down due to negligence to acknowledge or not being aware of deadly hazards in form of gas, vapour, or dust within and around the area of operation. Also, many lives have lost due to inhalation of toxic gas like H2S, CO and their like because many are inadvertently not aware of the dangers of the deadly toxic gases in environment. This book "Awareness on Toxic, Flammable and Explosive Atmosphere" is authored to bridge the gap. It is a born out desire to solve one of the world's greatest challenges - sudden death and loss of Assets due to the presence of flammable, explosive or toxic atmosphere.Within the context of this book Hazardous Area Classification is defined as an assessed division of a plant or facility into hazardous and non-hazardous areas and the sub-division of hazardous area into zones. Hazardous zones include: 0, 1, and 2 for gas environment and 20, 21 and 22 for dust environment and their corresponding equipment category 1, 2, & 3 gas and M1 & M2 for dust respectively. These zones in relationship to types of explosive atmosphere they form give rise to types of protection the facility and environs requires taken cognizance the type of gas or dust detection equipment. Degree of Emission and ventilation affect the behaviour of hazardous atmosphere and plays a great role either to increase concentration or reduce concentration of flammable or explosive atmosphere."Awareness on Toxic, Flammable and Explosive Atmosphere" x-rayed zones of hazardous area classifications and equipment category making it easy to comprehend. It offers a great deal to understand hazardous atmosphere better and need to make a good assessment that would be suitable for a particular facility base on prevalent flammable, explosive and toxic gasses.Also, it considered the importance of Auto-ignition Temperature and flash points of materials and equipment as essentials keeping in mind the auto-ignition temperature of the expected hazards from the facility. This book state emphatically the essentiality of Temperature class of equipment & materials to avert installing equipment and materials that would end up generating spark or heat that could destroy the entire facility.Furthermore, it provides detail explanation on Ingress Protection and it significance in Hazardous Area Classification. Finally, let us keep our environment free from toxic, flammable and explosive atmosphere.