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This book describes the basic, pathophysiologic, and clinical importance of the reciprocal relationships and interactions between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, examining mechanical responses caused by lung volume and thoracic pressure. Emphasizes humoral and neurophysical interactions occurring in diseases that lead to cardiorespi
This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related conditions cause more than 40 percent of all deaths globally, and their substantial burden is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their burden extends well beyond health effects to include significant economic and societal consequences. Most of these conditions are related, share risk factors, and have common control measures at the clinical, population, and policy levels. Lives can be extended and improved when these diseases are prevented, detected, and managed. This volume summarizes current knowledge and presents evidence-based interventions that are effective, cost-effective, and scalable in LMICs.
Now in paperback, the second edition of the Oxford Textbook of Critical Care is a comprehensive multi-disciplinary text covering all aspects of adult intensive care management. Uniquely this text takes a problem-orientated approach providing a key resource for daily clinical issues in the intensive care unit. The text is organized into short topics allowing readers to rapidly access authoritative information on specific clinical problems. Each topic refers to basic physiological principles and provides up-to-date treatment advice supported by references to the most vital literature. Where international differences exist in clinical practice, authors cover alternative views. Key messages summarise each topic in order to aid quick review and decision making. Edited and written by an international group of recognized experts from many disciplines, the second edition of the Oxford Textbook of Critical Careprovides an up-to-date reference that is relevant for intensive care units and emergency departments globally. This volume is the definitive text for all health care providers, including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other allied health professionals who take care of critically ill patients.
This wide-ranging, comprehensive reference presents the latest developments in aerosol science and interactions between particles and the respiratory tract-utilizing an inter-disciplinary approach that integrates advances in physics, chemistry, and engineering with the epidemiological and biomedical sciences, and focusing on the dynamics of particl
Authoritative, comprehensive and definitive, Pulmonary Circulation builds on the success of its previous two editions by providing practising respiratory physicians with a highly-ordered, unique reference work on the structure, function and pathophysiology of the pulmonary circulation. New for the third edition: Thoroughly revised with comprehensive coverage from diagnosis and clinical evaluation of pulmonary hypertension, to imaging techniques, disorders and treatment A new truly global team of expert editors, authors and key opinion leaders provide a wealth of detail on the latest developments and issues New chapters, such as: paediatrics, critical care, special environments including high altitude and underwater More quality chapters, authors, illustrations with thorough and thoughtful referencing make this book a contemporary essential reference text Pulmonary Circulation remains an essential resource for pulmonary hypertension specialists and should prove invaluable in all respiratory, cardiac and intensive care units.
In modern medicine the most functional methodologies are taking an increasing importance in spreading informations, rendering it credible while at the same time using reliable data to focus interaction between basic science and clinical medicine. Critical care medicine embraces these needs and more than any other discipline thrives and develops thanks to interdisciplinary contact. APICE 2004 has been organised to provide precise answers to these issues. In particular, considerable emphasis has been given to the reviews regarding the most important aspects - or the most significant clinical developments - in the sectors involving variety of functions: neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolism and perfusion; trauma infections, sepsis and organ failure; perioperative medicine and life support techniques; information technology dedicated to clinical medicine, but also as a means of information and education. The contributing authors are all part of leading research groups at the international level in the various sectors presented in the volume.
Now in full-colour, this eagerly-anticipated second edition continues to be the most comprehensive resource available on non-invasive ventilation (NIV), both in the hospital and at home. Reflecting a global perspective with expert contributors from more than 15 countries, the book: • provides clinical examples of NIV in practice with insightful vignettes • covers home- and intensive care-based ventilation • details NIV use in acute and chronic respiratory failure, plus paediatric and other specialty applications. Disease-specific sections provide best practice in the science, diagnostics and management of conditions such as COPD, cardiac failure, neuromuscular disease and obesity, while features such as ‘Common Clinical Questions & Answers’, abundant tables and illustrations, chapter summaries and new clinical vignettes showcase the realities of NIV in practice. This is essential reading for pulmonologists, critical care physicians and intensive care medicine specialists.
This classic book outlines the anatomy and physiology of the circulation and explains the mechanical principles that govern it.