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Low-frequency wave modes of magnetized inhomogeneous plasmas have been subject to intense study in the last decade because they play important roles in the transport of energy in the plasmas. The "Alfvén wave heating" scheme has been investigated as a supplementary heating scheme for fusion plasma devices, and it has been invoked as a model of the heating of the solar and stellar coronae. This book covers the latest research into the properties and applications of low-frequency wave modes in magnetized plasmas, the Alfvén waves and magneto-acoustic waves, in the context of laboratory, space and astrophysical plasmas. In particular, non-ideal effects on the dispersion relation and absorption properties of linear and non-linear waves are included, such as ion-cyclotron effects, friction between the ionized plasma and a background gas of neutral atoms, and the interaction of the plasma with dust particles. The book also surveys the theory of Alfvén and magnetoacoustic waves in inhomogeneous plasmas, as occur in realistic laboratory, space and astrophysical plasmas, with resulting localized wave modes such as surface waves. Waves are considered under a variety of plasma conditions, ranging from cold cosmic plasmas, to hot laboratory and solar plasmas, to the relativistic plasmas around pulsars.
This book describes the linear theory of waves and instabilities that propagate in a collisionless plasma.
In Part Based on Reviews Presented at the 121st Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Bamberg, Germany, April 24-28, 1989
In this volume a thorough review is given of waves in dusty plasmas, a fascinating new domain combining plasmas and charged dust, two omnipresent ingredients of the Universe. Spokes and braids observed in the rings of Saturn cannot be explained by gravitation alone, but need the presence of charged dust. Other examples abound, as in zodiacal light, noctilucent clouds, comets and molecular clouds. After discussing charging mechanisms, supported by exciting new experiments, and space observations, the book describes extensions of known plasma modes covering the low frequencies typical for charged dust. Mixing detailed theoretical steps with summaries of expert contributions, a systematic multi-species treatment puts the literature in perspective, suitable also for newcomers. Typical complications like fluctuating dust charges, self-gravitational effects, and size distributions are dealt with, before ending with an outlook to future work and open questions. In this way, experts as well as interested newcomers will find a reliable guide, not just a compendium.
As this excellent book demonstrates, the study of comets has now reached the fas cinating stage where we understand comets in general simple tenns while, at the same time, we are uncertain about practically all the details of cometary nature, structure, processes, and origin. In every aspect, even including dynamics, a choice among several or many competing theories is made impossible simply by the lack of detailed knowledge. The space missions, snapshot studies of two comets, partic ularly the one that immortalizes the name of Sir Edmund Halley, have produced a huge mass of valuable new infonnation and a number of surprises. Nonetheless, we face the tantalizing realization that we have obtained only a fleeting glance at two of perhaps a hundred billion (lOll) or more comets with possibly differing natures, origins, and physical histories. To my personal satisfaction, comets seem to have discrete nuclei made up of dirty snowballs, as I concluded four decades ago, but perhaps they are more like frozen rubbish piles.
Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts aims to present a comprehensive documen tation of the literature concerning all aspects of astronomy, astrophysies, and their border fields. It is devoted to the recording, summarizing, and indexing of the relevant publications throughout the world. Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts is prepared by a special department of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union. Volume 44 records literature published in 1987 and received before February 15, 1988. Some older documents which we received late and which are not surveyed in earlier volumes are inc1uded too. We acknowledge with thanks contributions of our colleagues all over the world. We also express our gratitude to all organiza tions, observatories, and publishers which provide us with complimentary copies of their publications. Dr. Siegfried Böhme retired from his duties as co-editor of Astronomy and Astro physics Abstracts on December 31, 1987. Since 1950 he partieipated in the biblio graphie work of the institute. He served as a reviewer for the Astronomischer Jahresbericht and became one of the editors of Astronomy and Astrophysics Ab stracts in 1969. After his retirement in 1975 he took care of, particularly, the Russian literature on a voluntary basis for 12 years. It is a pleasure to thank Siegfried Böhme for his valuable contributions. Starting with Volume 33, all the recording, correction, and data processing work was done by means of computers. The recording was done by our technical staff members Ms. Helga Ballmann, Ms. Christiane Jehn, Ms. Monika Kohl, Ms.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 61. Since Explorer 1 discovered the Earth's radiation belts more than thirty years ago, there have been many opportunities to show the value of in-situ observations over remote-sensing when it comes to an understanding of the space plasma environment. When one of the inner solar system's regular visitors was due to make its once-in-a-lifetime appearance in 1986 the opportunity was too important to be missed. For not only is comet Halley one of the most reliable comets it is also nearly two orders of magnitude larger than any other comet with a known period. Well before there was any visible trace of Halley's comet in the night sky, three of the big four space agencies were banking on that reliability and were preparing five spacecraft to make the journey to intercept the comet. Such activity acted as a spur to the ingenuity of the fourth agency who found a way to redirect one of their long-serving spacecraft and to win the race to be the first to a comet, albeit the smaller, and at the time virtually unknown, Giacobini-Zinner. Although a healthy spirit of competition infused the scientific and engineering teams working on the project at various levels, what mattered in the end was the global cooperation between the agencies and many ground-based observers which for example, enabled Giotto to reach the comet with one-tenth of the targetting error that had originally been predicted.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 53. The following chapters were presented as a tutorial and as invited papers at the Chapman Conference held in Sendai/Mt. Zao, Japan, October 12-16, 1987. The authors were chosen both for their expertise in their subject matter and also for their willingness to address an audience of graduate students and newcomers to the field. We hope they have succeeded. The contributed papers presented at the conference were published in a special section of the January 1989 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics.
This revised edition places a unique emphasis on all the new results from ground-based, satellites and space missions ? detection of molecule H2 and prompt emission lines of OH for the first time; discovery of X-rays in comets; observed diversity in chemical composition among comets; the puzzle of the constancy of spin temperature; the well-established mineralogy of cometary dust; extensive theoretical modeling carried out for understanding the observed effects; the similarity in the mineralogy of dust in circumstellar shell of stars, comets, meteorites, asteroids and IDPs, thus indicating the generic relationship between them.