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If one takes the intuitive point of view that a system is a black box whose inputs and outputs are time functions or time series it is natural to adopt an operator theoretic approach to the stUdy of such systems. Here the black box is modeled by an operator which maps an input time function into an output time function. Such an approach yields a unification of the continuous (time function) and discrete (time series) theories and simultaneously allows one to formulate a single theory which is valid for time-variable distributed and nonlinear systems. Surprisingly, however, the great potential for such an approach has only recently been realized. Early attempts to apply classical operator theory typically having failed when optimal controllers proved to be non-causal, feedback systems unstable or coupling networks non-lossless. Moreover, attempts to circumvent these difficulties by adding causality or stability constraints to the problems failed when it was realized that these time based concepts were undefined and; in fact, undefinable; in the Hilbert and Banach spaces of classical operator theory.
This book considers logical proof systems from the point of view of their space complexity. After an introduction to propositional proof complexity the author structures the book into three main parts. Part I contains two chapters on resolution, one containing results already known in the literature before this work and one focused on space in resolution, and the author then moves on to polynomial calculus and its space complexity with a focus on the combinatorial technique to prove monomial space lower bounds. The first chapter in Part II addresses the proof complexity and space complexity of the pigeon principles. Then there is an interlude on a new type of game, defined on bipartite graphs, essentially independent from the rest of the book, collecting some results on graph theory. Finally Part III analyzes the size of resolution proofs in connection with the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH) in complexity theory. The book is appropriate for researchers in theoretical computer science, in particular computational complexity.
Space policy is now a top priority in international relations. This timely Research Agenda takes the definition of space policy itself as an object of analysis rather than as an unquestioned premise. It presents the multi-faceted spectrum of elements combined within space policy which are crucially relevant to security, welfare and modern society. Expert international contributors set out a forward-looking research agenda for the 2020s, identifying key problems and conflicts related to the topic and exploring policy, regulatory approaches and diplomatic mechanisms to reach possible solutions.
This text reflects the interdisciplinary nature of GIS research and includes coverage of such themes as: virtual GIS; spatial analysis; artificial intelligence; spatial agents and fuzzy systems; and space-time GIS and GIS applications.
Most of the matter in our solar system, and, probably, within the whole universe, exists in the form of ionized particles. On the other hand, in our natural environ ment, gaseous matter generally consists of neutral atoms and molecules. Only under certain conditions, such as within the path oflightning or in several technical devices (e. g. gas discharges, rocket engines, etc. ) will some of the atoms and molecules be ionized. It is also believed that the chemistry of the earth's troposphere predomi nantly proceeds via reactions between neutral particles. (The complex system of atmospheric chemistry will be treated in one of the forthcoming volumes to this series. ) Why, then, are ions considered so important that hundreds oflaboratories all over the world (including some of the most prestigious) are involved in research pro grams on ions, covering many different facets, from biochemistry to physics? One may obtain as many different answers as there are research groups busy in this field. There is, however, one simple, common feature which makes it attractive to work with ions: since they carry one or more net elementary charges, they can easily be gui ded, focused or separated by appropriate electric and magnetic fields, and, last but not least, they can easily be detected. Apart from these advantages, which are welcome and appreciated by the researcher, the study of molecular ions can provide insight into very fundamental aspects of the general behavior of molecules.
The 6-volume set, comprising the LNCS books 12535 until 12540, constitutes the refereed proceedings of 28 out of the 45 workshops held at the 16th European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Glasgow, UK, during August 23-28, 2020, but changed to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 249 full papers, 18 short papers, and 21 further contributions included in the workshop proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 467 submissions. The papers deal with diverse computer vision topics. Part III includes the Advances in Image Manipulation Workshop and Challenges.