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Cytochemical analyses of the four imperfect fungi, Cylindrocephalum sp., Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus oryzae, and Gliocladium deliquescens showed that the resistant material in their cell walls is chitin. All efforts to identify cellulose produced negative results. Solutions of chitinase-containing Worthington Lysozyme (Muramidase) in concentrations of 0.5mg./ml. brought about dissolution of the cell walls and dispersion of the cell contents. Enzymatic hydrolysis represents the most suitable method now available for the conversion of fungal cell wall chitin to digestible end products with the simultaneous release of nutrient substances in the protoplasm. Specific studies have continued on protoplasmic phenomena within the cells of fungi examined, especially Heterocephalum aurantiacum Plastid-like structures in the protoplasts are the cell organs which produce chitin. Chitin-forming plastids increase in number by direct division and the quantities of chitin at their surfaces, in a given cell, may be equal to or greater than the amount of chitin in the cell wall. This information necessitates the inclusion of chitin located in the protoplasts, as well as that in the cell walls, in any considerations of fungal tissues as food for astronauts in extended explorations of space. (Author).
Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Synthesis, and Assembly, Second Edition is a compendium of information on the chemical structure, synthesis, and organization of the cell wall of fungi. Reviewing the past 20 years of research in the field, it discusses experimental evidence that demonstrates the role of the cell wall in the growth, development, morphog
As a part of the research program designed to solve the nutritional problems of astronauts during extended explorations of space, cell wall substances of four fungi, Heterocephalum aurantiacum, Spicaria sp., Cladosporium sp. and Linderina pennispora have been identified and localized by standard cytochemical methods. Chitin is the resistant cell wall material in the component cells of all of these fungi and results of efforts to identify cellulose in the same cell walls have been negative. Excretions which accumulate on the surfaces of the aerial corticating hyphae of H. aurantiacum are composed primarily of calcium salts and an unidentified colloidal material, yellow-orange in color and having many characteristics in common with the so-called "fungal gamboge." Reactions of the previously untreated chitinous cell walls to the enzyme, chitinase, are positive. Enzymatic hydrolysis represents the most suitable method now available for the conversion of chitin to N-acetylglucosamine with the accompanying breakdown of the cell wall and concurrent release of nutritive substances in the protoplast. X-ray diffraction patterns of chitin have been obtained from purified cell wall samples. Measurements of these same samples, at successive stages of removal of non-chitinous materials, show a gradual increase in refractive index values. Progress has been made in the adaptation of interference microscopy to the study of chitinous cell walls during the process of hydrolysis with chitinase.
Despite the many advances made during the last decade in various aspects of fungal biochemistry, there have been very few volumes devoted to the sub ject in recent years. This lack is all the more surprising in view of the increas ing use of fungi in gene manipulation studies and in biotechnological ap plications, and of the current interest in the biorational discovery of novel agents for the control of fungal pathogens of plants and humans. We hope that this book goes some way to rectifying this situation by providing an up to-date account of selected developments in two important areas, namely cell walls and membranes. Topics included in the book concern both yeasts and filamentous fungi. Although the main emphasis is on biogenesis, functional aspects are also discussed, e.g. the role of glycoproteins in recognition of sterols in mem branes and of calcium in regulation. Several contributions describe in terference with the 'normal' biochemistry of cell walls and membranes with a view to increasing fundamental knowledge, but also highly relevant to the design of new fungicides and antimycotics. The steadily increasing impact of molecular biology on the study of fungal biochemistry is highlighted throughout.
As a part of the research program designed to solve the nutritional problems of astronauts during extended explorations of space, cell wall substances of four fungi, Heterocephalum aurantiacum, Spicaria sp., Cladosporium sp. and Linderina pennispora have been identified and localized by standard cytochemical methods. Chitin is the resistant cell wall material in the component cells of all of these fungi and results of efforts to identify cellulose in the same cell walls have been negative. Excretions which accumulate on the surfaces of the aerial corticating hyphae of H. aurantiacum are composed primarily of calcium salts and an unidentified colloidal material, yellow-orange in color and having many characteristics in common with the so-called fungal gamboge. Reactions of the previously untreated chitinous cell walls to the enzyme, chitinase, are positive. Enzymatic hydrolysis represents the most suitable method now available for the conversion of chitin to N-acetylglucosamine with the accompanying breakdown of the cell wall and concurrent release of nutritive subbussubstances i ses in the protoplast. X-rray diffraction patteettterns of chitin havevah nin have been obtained from purified cell wall samples. Measurements of these same samples, at successive stages ofoof removal of non-chitinous materials, show a gradual increase in refractive index values. (Author).
Fungal Cell Wall presents a comprehensive examination of the structure, synthesis, and growth of the fungal cell wall and explores the reasons for the cell wall's importance to the survival of fungi. Topics covered include the composition and structure of the fungal cell wall and how they are affected by endogenous and external factors; the structure and synthesis of glucans, chitin, and glycoproteins; and the mechanisms of secretion, organization, and final assembly of the cell wall components. The book also features excellent bibliographical coverage, which provides insight into the historical development of current ideas and the basis of current trends in research. Researchers and students in biology, microbiology, mycology, botany, and medical and plant pathology will find this book essential for reference information regarding fungi.
Various methodologies designed to study cell walls are compiled in this book. Methods in Cell Wall Cytochemistry covers the use of modern dyes, fluorescent chemicals, lectins, and antibody technology (immunocytochemisty.) Cell wall morphology and chemical composition is covered as well as light and fluorescent cytochemistry; transmission electron microscopic cytochemistry; lectin cytochemistry; and, special emphasis on immunocytochemistry. Addressing an emerging area of research and technology, this book will appeal to plant pathologists, cell biologists, as well as workers interested in stress response and those employing cell walls for biotechnological research.
This volume provides a detailed look at various biochemical and developmental aspects of fungal cell biology, and offers extensive information on model organisms of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, and yeasts, such as Saccharomyces, while also highlighting molecular differences between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. The book’s seven chapters, prepared by experts in the fields of mycology, have been grouped into two closely connected sections: “Fungal Cell Growth” and “Signals and Development”. The first section addresses bio-molecular mechanisms of fungal cell division and polarized cell growth, with a special emphasis on cell-cell connections, cell wall synthesis, and directed protein transport. In turn, the second section describes the intra- and extracellular signals that set off biochemical and conformational changes of cell type during development. Here, the authors focus on the molecular signalling pathways, including their impact on plant-fungus interactions, referred to as ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable guide for all microbiologists, geneticists, cell biologists, biochemists and plant biologists, as well as advanced students of biology, who share an interest in the field of mycology.
As a part of the research program designed to solve the nutritional problems of astronauts during extended explorations of space, cell wall substances of four fungi, Heterocephalum aurantiacum, Spicaria sp., Cladosporium sp. and Linderina pennispora have been identified and localized by standard cytochemical methods. Chitin is the resistant cell wall material in the component cells of all of these fungi and results of efforts to identify cellulose in the same cell walls have been negative. Excretions which accumulate on the surfaces of the aerial corticating hyphae of H. aurantiacum are composed primarily of calcium salts and an unidentified colloidal material, yellow-orange in color and having many characteristics in common with the so-called "fungal gamboge." Reactions of the previously untreated chitinous cell walls to the enzyme, chitinase, are positive. Enzymatic hydrolysis represents the most suitable method now available for the conversion of chitin to N-acetylglucosamine with the accompanying breakdown of the cell wall and concurrent release of nutritive substances in the protoplast. X-ray diffraction patterns of chitin have been obtained from purified cell wall samples. Measurements of these same samples, at successive stages of removal of non-chitinous materials, show a gradual increase in refractive index values. Progress has been made in the adaptation of interference microscopy to the study of chitinous cell walls during the process of hydrolysis with chitinase.